A Complete List of John Grisham Books

John Grisham is a master of legal thrillers; his novels have captured the attention of millions of readers, from adults to teens. In three decades he has written nearly one book per year and a number of those have been adapted into popular movies. From his debut novel A Time to Kill to the 2017  release of Camino Island, Grishams books are nothing short of captivating. Over the years, he branched out from legal stories as well. His complete list of published books includes stories about sports as well as non-fiction. Its a compelling body of literature and if youve missed one or two books, youll definitely want to catch up. Lawyer Turned Best-Selling Author John Grisham was working as a criminal defense attorney in Southaven, Mississippi when he wrote his first novel. A Time to Kill, based on an actual court case that dealt with racial issues in the South. It enjoyed modest success. He entered politics, serving in the state legislature on the Democratic ticket and began writing his second novel. It was not Grishams intent to leave law and politics to become a published author, but the runaway success of his second endeavor The Firm changed his mind. Grisham quickly became a prolific best-selling author. In addition to novels, he has published short stories, nonfiction, and young adult books.   Grisham Captures Mainstream Readers From  1989-2000 Few new writers have exploded onto the literary scene like John Grisham. The Firm became the top-selling book of 1991 and was on The New York Times bestseller list for nearly 50 weeks. In 1993, it was made into the first of many movies based on Grishams novels. From The Pelican Brief through The Brethren, Grisham continued to produce legal thrillers at the rate of about one per year. He tapped into his experience as a lawyer to create characters who faced moral dilemmas and dangerous situations. During the first decade of his work, he produced several novels that were eventually made into major big-screen films. These include Pelican Brief in 1993; The Client in 1994; A Time to Kill in 1996; The Chamber in 1996; and The Rainmaker in 1997. 1989 - A Time to Kill1991 - The Firm1992 - The Pelican Brief1993 - The Client1994 - The Chamber1995 - The Rainmaker1996 - The Runaway Jury1997 - The Partner1998 - The Street Lawyer1999 - The Testament2000 - The Brethren Grisham Branches Out From  2001-2010 As the best-selling author entered his second decade of writing, he stepped back from his legal thrillers to examine other genres. A Painted House is a small town mystery. Skipping Christmas is about a family that decides to skip Christmas. He also examined his interest in sports with Bleachers, which tells the story of a high school football star returning to his hometown after his coach dies. The theme continued in Playing for Pizza, a story about an American playing football in Italy. In 2010, Grisham introduced Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer to middle school readers. This book about a kid lawyer successfully launched an entire series centered around the main character. It introduced the author to younger readers who are likely to become lifelong fans. Also in this decade, Grisham released Ford County, his first collection of short stories and The Innocent Man, his first nonfiction book about an innocent man on death row.  Not to turn his back on his dedicated fans, he rounded out this time with several legal thrillers as well. 2001 - A Painted House2001 - Skipping Christmas2002 - The Summons2003 - The King of Torts2003 - Bleachers2004 - The Last Juror2005 - The Broker2006 - The Innocent Man2007 - Playing for Pizza2008 - The Appeal2009 - The Associate2009 - Ford County (short stories)2010 - Theodore Boone: Kid Lawyer2010 - The Confession 2011 to Present: Grisham Revisits Past Successes Following the success of the first Theodore Boone book, Grisham followed up with five more books in the popular series. In Sycamore Row, a sequel to A Time to Kill, Grisham brought back protagonist Jake Brigance and key supporting characters Lucien Wilbanks and Harry Rex Vonner. He continued his policy of writing one legal thriller a year and threw in a couple of short stories and a baseball novel called Calico Joe for good measure.   Grishams 30th book was released in 2017 and titled Camino Island. Another intriguing crime novel, the story centers around stolen F Scott Fitzgerald manuscripts. Between a young, enthusiastic writer, the FBI, and a secret agency, the investigation tries to track down these handwritten documents on the black market. 2011 - Theodore Boone: The Abduction2011 - The Litigators2012 - Theodore Boone: The Accused2012 - Calico Joe2012 - The Racketeer2013 - Theodore Boone: The Activist2013 - Sycamore Row2014 - Gray Mountain2015 - Theodore Boone: The Fugitive2015 - Rogue Lawyer2016 - Partners (a Rogue Lawyer short story)2016 - Theodore Boone: The Scandal2016 - Witness to a Trial (a digital short story)2016 - The Whistler2017 - Camino Island

Nature Of Control And Its Effects On The Way Individuals...

Research has shown that there is significant variability in the way individuals perceive and interpret events. Frequently, individuals encounter and are exposed to situations in their environment where causation tends to be subjectively inferred. Due to these instances where one is able to nonchalantly assume the causality between certain events or situations that occur, gives rise to the phenomenon of illusory control. Langer (1975) introduced the concept ‘illusion of control’ as the expectancy of a personal success probability which is inappropriately higher than the objective probability would warrant. Even though the objective odds are evident, the remaining subjective expectation of success is thought to be dependent on factors†¦show more content†¦Previous research has suggested that there are certain individuals who are more prone to an illusion of control than others (e.g. Alloy Abramson, 1979; Biner et al., 1995; Delfabbro LeCouteur, 2009; Friedland e t al., 1991; Langer, 1975; Rudski, 2004). Rotter (1966) proposed that ones’ locus of control, which refers to an individual’s generalised expectancy of success based on their previous experience, will influence ones predisposition to illusory control. However, the issue with this notion is the reliance on multiple forms of perception at once, and it is likely individuals will differ in these each of these aspects (e.g. personal, social and political beliefs). Therefore, to understand and measure how beliefs about events occur in the world while considering these differences, application of scales measuring principles like superstitions (Matute, 1995; Wiseman Watt, 2004), paranormal beliefs (Peters et al. 1999) luck, chance and how these might impact activities like gambling (Friedland et al., 1991; Wood Clapham 2005), will be valuable. Studies have shown that those more likely to develop an illusion of control are correlated with their desire for control (Biner et al. 1995), superstitious or paranormal beliefs (Rudski 2004) as well as their delusory beliefs (Balzan et al. 2013). Therefore, it is evident that certain individuals appear more inclined to make connections from

Indigenous Health Perspective Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.

Question: Discuss about the Indigenous Health Perspective in Australia. Answer: Indigenous Health Perspective An Introduction Indigenous and aboriginal people remained as the highly disadvantaged groups in the Australian society. Health disparities in treating various disease conditions including renal disease, cardiovascular abnormality and cancer resulted in the establishment of mental complications among the indigenous individuals (Durey Thompson, 2012). The pattern of racism experienced by the aboriginal people resulted in the elevation of their disease burden and reduction in the wellness outcomes. The pattern of interpersonal racism resulted in the establishment of mistrust between the aboriginal community and established sections of the Australian society. The practice of racism among the nurse professionals continues to deteriorate the accessibility as well as the quality of healthcare interventions for the Indigenous Australian population (Durey Thompson, 2012). Social gradients of health deterioration of indigenous natives include the pattern of discrimination and inequitable administration of h ealthcare interventions. The exclusion of the aboriginal people from the economic, political and social life events of the established Australians resulted in the development of their cognitive decline and pattern of depressive episodes (Shepherd, et al., 2012). The cultural and social marginalization of the aboriginal people resulted in their psychosocial degradation across the community environment. The social circumstances of various well-known aboriginal personalities have impacted their health statuses at some point of time in their lives. Nova Peris, a well-known politician and sports person is an aboriginal native who experienced various societal inequalities and misconduct by the established Australian society at various stages in her athletic and political tenure (Nova, 2003). The pattern of racism experienced by this renowned personality impacted her mental health and predisposed her towards the development of psychosocial manifestations. Racial Discrimination and Mental Health Nova experienced racial discrimination at the age of 17 during the stage of her career development in Queensland. Evidence-based research literature describes the pattern of racial discrimination as a greatest social health determinant that considerably deteriorates the psychosocial outcomes of the underprivileged and impoverished individuals (Currie, et al., 2012). Resultantly, they experience mental instability and deterioration in the level of their self-esteem and confidence. This inequality across the community environment adversely impacts the pattern of healthcare and associated wellness outcomes of the aboriginal natives (Vukic, et al., 2012). Therefore, the promotion of indigenous health nursing is highly warranted in the Australian healthcare sector with the objective of eliminating the health inequalities faced by the aboriginal natives across the community environment. Nova infrequently experienced anxiety followed by hyperventilation while participating in the hockey tou rnaments and practice sessions (Nova, 2003). She attended various counselling sessions undertaken by her psychologist in the context of improving the state of her mental and psychosocial health. The state of Novas hyperventilation and anxiety developed under the influence of racial issues, interpersonal conflicts and absence of social support. The research study by (Kisely, et al., 2017) reveals the prevalence of panic disorders, generalized anxiety and depression among the indigenous natives. They also experience elevated predisposition of acquiring post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychiatric health of the aboriginal natives is determined by the interaction of their socio-cultural, economic, educational and biological factors (Kisely, et al., 2017). In Novas case, her socio-cultural factors played a biggest role in impacting the state of her mental well-being. The pattern of social-phobia and bipolar disorders is prevalently experienced by the aboriginal population (Black, et al., 2017). This phobia arises because of the social threats and inequality practiced by the established sections of the Australian Society against the indigenous natives. Resultantly, the aboriginal people undergo mood fluctuations and suicidal ideation that adversely influence the state of their psychosocial development across the community environment. The Aboriginal Circumstances Nova experienced the prevalence of domestic violence and alcoholism in the aboriginal society and considered these factors as the preliminary causes of their social deterioration (Nova, 2003). The events of this violence since childhood impacted her psychosocial and mental health and persuaded her to utilize these adverse experiences in terms of brining a major social reform in the aboriginal society. Evidence-based research literature correlates the utilization of alcohol with the events of crime, violence and traumatic episodes in the aboriginal society. The pattern of alcohol abuse among the aboriginal natives arises because of the mental and social adversities as well as economic instability experienced by them across the community environment. The feeling of lack of accomplishment as well as deterioration leads to the establishment of depression that further enforces the aboriginal people towards acquiring alcoholism. Resultantly, the aboriginal natives indulge themselves in the episodes of domestic and family violence and criminal activities against children and women (Ramamoorthi, et al., 2014). The jeopardized conduct by the established sections of the Australian Society against the indigenous people maximizes the intensity of their social trauma and hampers the pattern of their psychosocial, economic as well as moral development against the community environment (Ramamoorthi, et al., 2014). Australian conservative politics impacted psychological morale of Nova and forced her to rethink regarding the development of reinforcement strategies warranted for reducing the state of inequality experienced by the aboriginal natives (Nova, 2003). The pattern of conservative politics in Australia continued to advocate the colonization of aboriginal natives under restricted geographical confinements (Sherwood, 2013). Resultantly, the aboriginals experienced the state of social isolation that adversely impacted their political, social, psychological and mental devel opment. The regular interaction of the aboriginal natives with the established sections of the Australian society is highly essential for their psychological, educational as well as economic development in the longer term. The Australian federal government therefore, requires undertaking strict measures for establishing an environment that could ascertain the equitable treatment of aboriginal people in comparison to the well-to-do sections of Australian society across the community environment. Nova advocated the requirement of developing cross-cultural interventions in the context of improving the health and wellness of Aboriginal Australians (Nova, 2003). These interventions also assist in reducing the pattern of racial discrimination and associated complications in the indigenous society. Cross-cultural approaches that require implementation for the aboriginal community effectively accomplish their culture-specific requirements across the community environment (Shahid, et al., 20 13). The cross-cultural steps require the establishment of therapeutic communication between healthcare professionals and underprivileged aboriginals with the objective of elevating their dignity and morale. These evidence-based strategies effectively substantiate the consistent improvement in the psychological, physical and social well-being of the aboriginal natives. Nova supported these evidence-based strategies throughout her political and athletic tenure and proved to be an iconic statesperson for the aboriginal population. Conclusion The biography of Nova peris evidentially explains the social and psychological determinants of the mental health of Aboriginal Australians. The state of psychosocial isolation considerably impacts the mental well-being of indigenous individuals and elevates their scope of health and wellness deterioration. The health inequalities experienced by the aboriginal people pose numerous challenges for them in terms of acquiring a healthy psychosocial and physical state across the community environment. They remain highly inaccessible to the healthcare services and medical professionals also refrain themselves in equitably administering medical interventions in concordance with the individualized requirements of the ailing aboriginals. Experiences of Nova Peris strongly advocate the requirement of bringing major reformation in the Australian societal structure with the objective of developing transparency in the Australian healthcare system. The development of an unbiased healthcare system u nder the supervision of the Australian federal government is highly required for improving the state of health and wellness of the aboriginal community. Indeed, the established sections of the Australian society need to take ownership for the establishment of health and equality across the indigenous community while eliminating the practice of racial discrimination and biased healthcare approaches. The establishment of health equity for indigenous islanders is greatly warranted for their resilience as well as the enhancement of mental health outcomes. Bibliography Black, E., Kisely, S., Alichniewicz , K. Toombs , M., 2017. Mood and anxiety disorders in Australia and New Zealand's indigenous populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, pp. 128-138. Currie , C. L. et al., 2012. Racial discrimination experienced by aboriginal university students in Canada. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 57(10), pp. 617-625. Durey, A. Thompson, S. C., 2012. Reducing the health disparities of Indigenous Australians: time to change focus. BMC Health Services Research. Kisely, S. et al., 2017. The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders in indigenous people of the Americas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychiatric Research, pp. 137-152. Nova, P., 2003. Nova Peris with Ian Heads. [Online] Available at: https://ia.anu.edu.au/biography/peris-nova-17821 [Accessed 06 08 2017]. Ramamoorthi, R., Jayaraj, R., Notaras, L. Thomas, M., 2014. Alcohol-Related Violence among the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders of the Northern Territory: Prioritizing an Agenda for Prevention-Narrative Review Article. Iraninan Journal of Public Health, 43(5), pp. 539-544. Shahid, S. et al., 2013. Identifying barriers and improving communication between cancer service providers and Aboriginal patients and their families: the perspective of service providers. BMC Health Services Research. Shepherd, C. C. J., Li, J. Zubrick, S. R., 2012. Social Gradients in the Health of Indigenous Australians. American Journal of Public Health, 102(1), pp. 107-117. Sherwood , J., 2013. Colonisation - it's bad for your health: the context of Aboriginal health. Contemporary Nurse, 46(1), pp. 28-40. Vukic, A., Jesty, C., Mathews, S. V. Etowa, J., 2012. Understanding Race and Racism in Nursing: Insights from Aboriginal Nurses. ISRN Nursing.

The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model

Introduction The developmental state is a term used to describe industrialised and rapidly developing economies. In these economies, policies that bring rapid economic change are formulated and implemented by the governments concerned.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Previously, the term developmental state was used to describe the East Asian economies such as South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong and even Japan and China, where governmental policies played a vital role in the exponential economic growth of these countries from the early eighties. Chalmers Johnson, an eminent Political scientist who did large quantities of research on Asian economies, first used â€Å"Developmental State† as a term in his book MITI and the Japanese Miracle (Stubbs 2009, p.4). However, the term has lately been used to describe states outsi de Asia that have similar development styles, such as Botswana in Africa and some Latin American countries. The rapid industrialization and economic growth that characterised the East Asian economies were of much interest to western scholars. According to Hayashi, there exists two types of criticism for the developmental state (2010, p.46). The first type states that, developmental states are not a decisive factor in economic growth and that other developing countries would do well to forgo the form of economic growth exhibited by development states. This is because, according to economists like Paul Krugman, development states had exhibited a sham growth that did not take into account a concept known as total factor productivity, where all variables that play a part in economic growth are included in the calculation of growth and GDP. According to Krugman therefore, these developmental states would soon crumble under illusionary the weight of the deceptive economic growth. The seco nd class of criticism states that, although a slight level of growth was achieved by the developmental states in the eighties and nineties, such a model of economic growth is no longer viable in today’s globalized world.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The emergence of the developmental states of East Asia was in a sense a rebellion from the economic models practiced by the former colonial masters of these countries. According to Kim, these East Asian states desired to pursue unique economic strategies that were customised to fit the cultural, political and economic realities of East Asia, distinct from the policies advocated by fly-by-night western economists (2009, p.383). These countries felt that the economic practices proposed by their former colonial masters were far-removed from Asian realities, and purposed to chart their own paths towards industrialization an d economic growth. The Asian economic crisis of 1997-1998 affected most countries in Asia. Those severely affected were Thailand, South Korea, Indonesia and Malaysia. Other countries affected were The Philippines and Laos. India, Japan and China were less affected, but suffered a loss of confidence in their markets. Therefore, the crisis’ reach spanned the entire Asian continent. Eventually, as the crisis deepened, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) had to step in and bail out some of these economies. During the years when the model of the developmental state was being touted as one of the best models that a country in need of rapid industrialization and economic growth could adopt, the East Asian countries served as the prototypical examples. The general belief was that these countries had sound fiscal policies and the high-capital flows into these countries were evidence of investor confidence in the said policies. However, when the crisis began, the model of the develop mental state, especially when juxtaposed with countries in the west with differing economic policies, did not appear as reliable and stable as earlier thought. Additionally, because of the intervention of the IMF, and the subsequent actions by these countries in adopting policies proposed by the IMF, the developmental state as a model of growth for developing countries needs re-thinking. In light of these developments since the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998, the notion of the developmental state, as a model for growth, is economically nonviable. Moreover, the concept of globalization has rendered governmental influence on economic progress unfeasible. Additionally, because in the aftermath of the financial crisis the Asian states affected adopted western economic structures and policies, the notion of the developmental state as a model for rapid industrialization is unsustainable.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Untenable Developmental State Eco nomic Model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Prior to 1997-1998 Financial Crisis During the 1980s and early 1990s, Asian countries attracted foreign investors in droves. Countries like Indonesia, Thailand and South Korea posted double-digit growth rates for many consecutive years (Stubbs 2011, p.155). This seeming economic boom saw high interest rate returns for investors, and capital inflows to these countries increased. These Asian countries, especially South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore earned the admiration of the IMF and the World Bank, and were given the moniker â€Å"Asian Tigers† to describe their successful and aggressive growth towards industrialization. The 1997-98 Asian Financial Crisis The 1997-1998 Asian financial crisis began in Thailand, where due to the country’s massive foreign debt, its currency was rendered valueless. Soon the effects of Thailand’s currency collapse spread to other As ian nations, and countries such as China and Japan, though relatively less so, were also affected. Because of the significant investments made by international and foreign investors in these economies, the IMF had to step in to pre-empt a worldwide financial crisis. The IMF started a bail out program for the economies of South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand and other affected nations. South Korea As one of the countries that was most affected by the crisis, South Korea accepted the IMF bail out funds in order to restore its economy. The immediate aftermath of the crisis was an increase in the level of unemployment in the country; the IMF request to reduce public spending and downsize workers in the public sector only worsened matters. Additionally, many of the large corporations in the country had chalked up astronomical debts and were nearing insolvency when the crisis began. Government efforts to shore up the activities of conglomerates such as Kia motors, the country’s largest car marker at the time, had served to laden the company with poor debt. Typical of developmental states, the South Korean government had made efforts to bail out the company prior to the crisis.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Jung and Clark, many South Koreans believe the IMF intervention worsened the crisis, with some going as far as blaming the IMF for instigating the crisis (2010, p.30). Indeed, even though South Korea accepted the bail out money from IMF, it did not strictly adhere to the conditions set by the monetary institution (Su-Hsing Ming-Jang 2010, p.175). For instance, the government rejected the condition of reducing its public spending, and on the contrary offered welfare funds to the needy and others most affected by the crisis. In the long term, the stance of the government bore fruit, and by the year 2007, the South Korean economy was again recording consistently high levels of growth. Thailand Thailand’s economic growth prior to the financial crisis of 1997-98 was one of the highest in the world. As the epicentre of the financial crisis, panic began through investor speculation on the strength of the country’s currency. The central bank, in the face of massi ve lay offs and loss of jobs and businesses, refused to devalue the currency. Thereafter, many of the country’s financial and industrial institutions collapsed, and more workers lost their jobs. A high number of expatriate workers also left the country. By December 1997, the government of Thailand accepted bail out packages from the IMF, and implemented the conditions that the IMF set for granting the funds. These conditions included limited government spending, high taxation, and maintaining high interest rates. Additionally, all institutions and firms that could not sustain themselves and were insolvent were not to be bailed out. Within seven years of implementing these measures, Thailand was firmly on the road to economic recovery, and paid its IMF debt within the stipulated period. Indonesia Indonesia’s financial crisis was least expected amongst the Asian nations. Indonesia, unlike other East Asian nations that were affected by the crisis, had low inflations, a st able currency, adequate foreign reserves, and its currency’s exchange rate to the dollar was stable. However, financial contagion stemming from Thailand’s collapse led to speculative ambushes on the rupiah, Indonesia’s currency. Soon the country’s premier stock exchange reached its lowest points in history, and the political class, led by the president, decided to accept IMF’s bail out funds of $20 billion dollars. The crisis claimed several political scalps, including that of President Suharto. The president, in an attempt to contain the crisis, had earlier sacked the central Bank governor whom he accused of formulating defective policies that failed to arrest the economic decline that was plaguing the country. Malaysia Prior to the crisis, Malaysia attracted large foreign investment. Like other developmental states, government hand in promoting the country as an investment hub was significant in attracting high numbers of foreign investors. The K uala Lumpar Stock exchange at the time was the most active in the world. However, in 1998, due to the effects of the financial crisis in other East Asian nations, the Malaysian economy went into recession. Industrial sectors like the construction industry, one of the foremost industries in the country, shrunk massively. Massive lay offs and downsizing of staff followed. The government intervened to slow the currency’s decline against the dollar. Malaysian economic authorities formed task forces to oversee he stabilization of the economy, and Malaysia was the only country to decline aid from the IMF. By the year 2005, measures to contain the crisis had taken effect, and the Malaysian currency was de-linked from its previous fixed exchange status. China, Japan and the USA China was not intensely affected by the financial crisis. Its currency, at the time, traded at about 8 RMB to the dollar. However, due to the decline in the relative value of most Asian currencies occasioned b y the crisis, China was faced with the need of devaluing its own currency so that its exports could remain competitive. Chinese authorities decided not to devaluate the currency, and in the end, China was able to survive the financial crisis with the barest of losses to its economy and prestige. Japanese investments in other Asian nations suffered because of the collapse of these economies during and after the financial crisis. Additionally, in 1998 the economy suffered a recession due to low foreign exchange occasioned by competition from cheaper sources of goods from other Asian nations. In the US, although the economy did not undergo a recession, fears of collapse fuelled by the crisis occurring in Asia led to the brief suspension of trading at the New York Stock Exchange. Similarly, the country experienced reduced consumer spending amid speculation of the outcome of the Asian financial crisis. Lessons Learnt Prior to the financial crisis of 1997, these East Asian economies were believed to have implemented sound fiscal policies that would forestall the occurrence of a financial crisis. Therefore, even the most ardent sceptics of the â€Å"Asian miracle† like Paul Krugman could not predict the scope and intensity of the crisis. According to Ka Ho, Lawler, and Hinz, the Asian financial crisis worsened the existing social gaps that existed priors to the crisis (2009, p.146). Educational opportunities for the poor became limited, and access to social services was hindered by the lack of funds in government treasuries in these Asian nations (Ramesh 2009, p. 80). The IMF intervention was conditional, and the nations affected had to pursue frugality measures crafted by the IMF in order to reduce public spending, increase revenue and restore investor confidence. The Role of the IMF As earlier stated, one of the main reasons that the Asian states pursued the developmental state economic model was a desire to curve out economic paths that remained true to Asi an conditions. For many of the countries in Asia, simply following western models of economic growth was not tenable. Therefore, adoption of the developmental state model by these countries was, as much an act of defiance, as it was a pursuit of a unique economic growth model. The IMF’s role in reducing the effects of the financial crisis through bailing out these economies took several angles. The conditions set by the IMF served to achieve certain purposes, which many in the Asian region felt was a form of neo-colonialism, and a movement towards a form of economic models many Asians countries had strived so hard to disassociate with – the western model. Westernized Financial and Banking Institutions Ultimately, the IMF wanted the Asian nations affected by the crisis to adopt financial models moulded in the form of those found in Europe and the USA. As far as the IMF was concerned, the developmental state models had failed at its most critical point. The financial cri sis that plagued Asian nations, which until the actual crisis began were believed to be examples in sound financial and economic management, was proof of failure of the developmental state model for the economic growth. Therefore, the IMF facilitated bail out funds with conditions that required these countries to restructure their economic and financial institutions, industries and policies. According to Pettis, emerging economies that pursue aggressive policies aimed at industrialization have to be aware of imminent collapse wrought by unstable institutions (2001, p.17). Pettis states that, countries that industrialize over a long period are better placed to deal with sudden economic shocks because the economic industries in these countries usually stabilize over long periods, enough to withstand sudden economic shocks. Therefore, the IMF’s role was to steer these economies away from the developmental state model and towards a more western economic orientation. Transparency A strong feature of the developmental state is a lack of financial openness to foreigners or the outside world. Whenever government is involved in economic matters, many times the need to pursue genuine economic policies and the desire to placate the electoral masses usually conflict. Subsequently, many developmental states find themselves issuing economic data that the masses and the electorate will find pleasant, while hiding or failing to disclose economic data that may place the government in a negative light (de Boyrie 2009, p.5). Indeed, developmental states tend to have minimal democratic practices, and sometimes need to maintain a positive economic image for the public and investors overrides the need for full disclosure (Pempel 1999, p.14). Some analysts believe that one of the reasons that remarkably few economists predicted the Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 was because the data that the economists worked with was not comprehensive. Therefore, while these economies w ere given a clean bill of health in the economic books of western scholars as late as 1996, the real data or economic trends that would have allowed for some sort of prediction was overlooked, or simply unavailable for outside scrutiny. Therefore, one of the conditions set by the IMF was that the financial institutions that were to be given the bail out money would disclose all their financial activities, and such activities should henceforth be subject to public scrutiny (Best 2010, p.30). As shown in the economic data of the countries that were affected by the Asian financial crisis of 97-98 in this paper, all of these countries showed healthy economic data prior to the crisis. Even Thailand, the country that precipitated the crisis, enjoyed an economic growth rate of 9% in the year preceding the financial crisis. The belief that the governments of these countries had withheld crucial data that would have pre-empted the crisis thus holds water. Restoration of Confidence in Asian M arkets In order to facilitate quick economic recovery and restore investor confidence in the Asian markets, the IMF proposed measures to realise the same. In countries such as Thailand, Indonesia, and South Korea, the beginning of the financial crisis saw them hold remarkably little in foreign reserves. Therefore, the IMF instructed these countries to maintain high interest rates to ensure that their respective domestic currencies remained in the hands of locals, thereby maintaining confidence in these currencies. Similarly, the crisis led to a reduction in capital flow to the Asian region, and fearful of speculative buying and withdrawal of investments that would bring a global crisis, the IMF sought to restore investor confidence in the Asian markets as soon as was practically possible (Kaufman, Krueger, Hunter 1999, p.35). In the pursuit of restoring investor confidence, the Asian economies that accepted bail out money from the IMF resorted to adopting financial practices simila r to those of western societies like the US. Vindication of the Western Model over the Developmental State Model Ultimately, the fact that these Asian states accepted bail out funds in order to restore their economies points to a victory of the western route towards economic progress and industrialization over the developmental state model. The policies pushed by the IMF, and adopted by these countries, ultimately worked. In essence, the developmental state model failed when it mattered most. Globalization and the Notion of the Developmental State The Asian Financial crisis of 1997-1998 had profound effects on the social, economic and political sectors of the East Asian economies. The immediate aftermath of the crisis saw these states grapple with massive unemployment, lack of access to social services and increased poverty rates. Since the crisis, changes in the modus operandi of world economies, precipitated by technological advances, have ushered in global markets for national ec onomies. Through globalization, traditional country boundaries that restricted trade have been eliminated, and business transactions across national barriers are common and necessary. According to Green, globalization is changing the way countries run their economies and industries in Asia (2007, p.25). Outsourcing of labour across national boundaries, exchange of goods and services over the Internet and technological transfer have all contributed to creating economies that rely less on governmental policy and more on the individual innovativeness of citizens. Conclusion Certainly, the East Asian developmental states prior to the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-198-98 were models on achieving high economic growth and rapid industrialization. Variously called the ‘Asian miracle’, â€Å"Asian tigers’ and other such epithets, analysts of these economies prior to the crisis were confident in the model as a vehicle towards economic progress. However, the financia l crisis of 1997-1998 calls for a re-think concerning the efficacy of the developmental state as a model for economic and industrial growth. As discussed in this paper, the financial crisis called into question various attributes of the developmental state. Overall, the inability of these developmental states to secure their economies by themselves and only doing so through the assistance of worldwide monetary institutions such as the IMF indicates a considerable failure of the development state notion (Muchhala 2007, p.45). The intervention by the IMF, and the subsequent policies adopted by these states, point to the weaknesses in the development state model. Firstly, in order to recover from the financial crisis, these states had to acquire financial models similar to those of the western world. This indicates a failure of the financial model espoused in developmental states. Secondly, these states had to pen up their economy for more intense international scrutiny. Thirdly, these states had to restore confidence in their markets by practicing policies such as implementing high interest rates, an idea prevalent in western economic policies. Ultimately, because these states had to forgo their developmental state models in order to recover from the financial crisis, the developmental state model thus becomes effectively redundant. Finally, as discussed in the paper, the changes in world economic practices have served to obviate the need for adoption of a development state model for economic growth. Globalization has shattered traditional trade and economic activity beliefs. In the present day, economic transactions rely less on governmental regulation, and more business activities are carried out across national and international boundaries than ever before. Such open, quick and innovative transactions carried out over the Internet and through technological transfers have placed market forces firmly out of the hands of governments. The notion of the developmen tal state thus belongs to a bygone era. Reference List Best, J., 2010. The Limits of Financial Risk Management: Or what we didn’t learn from The Asian Crisis. New Political Economy, 15(1), pp. 29-49. de Boyrie, M., 2009. Structural Changes, Causality, and Foreign Direct Investments: Evidence from the Asian Crises of 1997. Global Economy Journal, 9(4), pp. 1-38. Green, A., 2007. Globalisation and the changing nature of the state in East Asia.  Globalisation, Societies Education, 5(1), pp. 23-38. Hayashi, S., 2010. The developmental state in the era of globalization: beyond the Northeast Asian model of political economy. Pacific Review, 23(1), pp. 45-69. Jung, C., Clark, C., 2010. The Impact of the Asian Financial Crisis on Budget Politics in South Korea. Asian Affairs: An American Review, 37(1), pp. 27-45. Ka Ho, M., Lawler, J., Hinz, S., 2009. Economic Shocks in Education: Analysis of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis and Lessons for Today. Global Social Policy, 9(2), pp. 145-173. Kaufman, G, Krueger, T, Hunter, C 1999. The Asian Financial Crisis: Origins,  Implications and Solutions. New York: Springer. Kim, W., 2009. Rethinking Colonialism and the Origins of the Developmental State in East Asia.† Journal of Contemporary Asia, 39(3), pp. 382-399. Muchhala, B., 2007. Ten Years After: Revisiting the Asian Financial Crisis. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Asia Program. Pempel, T., 1999. The Politics of the Asian Economic Crisis. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Pettis, M., 2001. The Volatility Machine: Emerging Economies and the Threat of  Financial Collapse. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ramesh, M., 2009. Economic Crisis and its Social Impacts: Lessons from the 1997 Asian Economic Crisis. Global Social Policy, 9(2), pp. 79-99. Stubbs, R., 2009. What ever happened to the East Asian Developmental State? The Unfolding debate. Pacific Review, 22(1), pp. 1-22. Stubbs, R., 2011. The East Asian develop mental state and the Great Recession: Evolving contesting coalitions. Contemporary Politics, 17(2), pp. 151-166. Su-Hsing, H., Ming-Jang, W., 2010. Did IMF Put Out the Fire or Start One when the Financial Crisis Struck Asia? International Research Journal of Finance   Economics, 40(6), pp. 172-183. This essay on The Untenable Developmental State Economic Model was written and submitted by user Kat1eP0wer to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Circadian Rhythms Essay Essays

Circadian Rhythms Essay Essays Circadian Rhythms Essay Essay Circadian Rhythms Essay Essay 1. Describe how circadian beat are associated with sleep want. 2. Explain the consequences of the sleep want appraisal. 3. Make you hold. or disagree. with the consequences. Why. or why non? 4. If you are sleep deprived. what stairss could you take to acquire more or better quality of slumber? Alternatively. if you are non sleep deprived. what techniques allow you to acquire choice slumber most darks of the hebdomad? Circadian beat: Their function and disfunction in affectional upset Press conference on the juncture of the 23rd ECNP Congress 2010. Amsterdam All worlds are synchronised to the rhythmic light-dark alterations that occur on a day-to-day footing. Rhythms in physiological and biochemical procedures and behavioral forms persist in the absence of all external 24-hour signals from the physical environment. with a period that is near to 24 hours. These beats are referred to as ?circadian? . from the Latin ?circa diem? ( ?about a day? ) . and are attributable to internal biological redstem storksbills. driven by a major circadian pacesetter in the encephalon. The circadian pacesetter is entrained each twenty-four hours to the 24-hour solar rhythm. which is the major ?zeitgeber? ( literally time-giver ) . Other zeitgebers are nutrient consumption. activity. or societal cues. e. g. the dismay clock. Good temporal entrainment allows for optimum public presentation at the right clip of the twen ty-four hours. because being able to expect future undertakings allows the appropriate physiological and psychological readying. However. our modern society frequently imposes divergences from the regular work-rest-scheme. as in displacement work. which consequences in jobs with entrainment. Failure to accommodate to environmental and social clip cues leads to misalignment of internal biological redstem storksbills. This ?dysentrainment? comes with enhanced hazard of mistakes and accidents. loss of productiveness. and wellness hazards such as increased leaning for malignant neoplastic disease. depression. sleep perturbations. GI. metabolic and cardiovascular upsets. decreased immune responses and even life span. Hence. people with circadian beat break caused by displacement work frequently develop glucose intolerance. diabetes and high blood pressure. and possibly malignant neoplastic disease. The recent find of the nucleus molecular circadian clock machinery has dramatically increased involvement in the impact of circadian dysregulation on mental and physical wellness. Molecular footing of circadian beat Circadian beat are directed by a maestro biological clock in a specific encephalon construction of the hypothalamus called the suprachiasmatic karyon ( SCN ) . Apart from the SCN. the organic structure has circadian oscillators in all encephalon parts and peripheral tissues. for illustration the liver ( Schulz A ; Steimer. 2009. Bechtold et Al. . 2010 ) . The SCN is synchronised daily by environmental signals – chiefly light ( Wirz-Justice. 2006 ) . Receiving information on illuming conditions straight from the retina. the SCN drives secernment of the pineal secretory organ endocrine melatonin every bit good as and many peripheral redstem storksbills. and their end products modulate the SCN through feedback or feed-forward effects. Therefore. in the organic structure there is a hierarchy of interacting redstem storksbills ( Schulz. 2007 ) . In all cells. the look of many cistrons alterations rhythmically over 24 hours. Specific circadian cistrons such as CLOCK. BMAL1. and PER are responsible for the chief SCN clockworking machinery every bit good as subordinate redstem storksbills in other parts of the organic structure. In mice with mutants in time-keeping cistrons. aberrant circadian sleep-wake and other beat can be observed. In add-on. new involvement in the function of circadian dysregulation in psychiatric upsets has arisen from the determination that a mutant in a nucleus circadian clock cistron induces hyperactivity. reduced slumber. and mania-like behavior in mice ( Turek. 2008 ) . Animal surveies were the cardinal development that brought the field to its present exciting place. because their findings suggested that ?clock genes? are directing the circadian beat in all physiological procedures. Circadian perturbations: clinical impact on affectional upsets In healthy persons. physiological and biochemical variables such as organic structure temperature. hydrocortisone and melatonin. thyroid exciting endocrine ( TSH ) . norepinephrine and serotonin exhibit a circadian beat. However. in patients with affectional upsets. many of these circadian beat are disturbed in stage and amplitude ( Schulz A ; Steimer. 2009 ; McClung. 2007 ) . For case. adult females with depression have a greater grade of variableness in the timing of physiological and endocrinal beat. Dysregulation of circadian beat and sleep perturbations are besides core elements of bipolar upset. and might be involved in its pathogenesis ( Dallaspezia A ; Benedetti. 2009 ) . Clinicians have learned th e tremendous importance of synchronizing agents ( ?zeitgebers? ) to entrain beat in patients with temper upsets. and how utile they are as fresh interventions ( e. g. visible radiation. melatonin ) . With respect to major depressive upset. about all patients present with sleep perturbations and altered circadian beat including hormonal secernment. cardiac map. and body temperature. Sleep break is a major symptom in depression. with over 90 % of patients demoing sleep ailments that affect daytime operation ( Thase. 1999 ) . Insomnia frequently appears before the oncoming of temper upset symptoms and may prevail into clinical remittal: sleep perturbations are known to be a frequent residuary symptom of depression. and the presence of insomnia Markss an increased hazard of backsliding or return. Sleep troubles frequently are the cardinal factor that causes down patients to seek medical aid. and alleviation of sleep perturbations is of import to promote conformity with antidepressant medicine. Associated with chronic depression. sleep perturbation can hold every bit great an impact on health-related quality of life as the mental unwellness itself ( Katz A ; McHorney. 2002 ) . It is good known that alterations in clinical province are accompanied by displacements in timing of the sleep-wake rhythm. The switch out of depression is frequently associated with a self-g enerated sleep want. Conversely. a prescribed sleep want can quickly demo antidepressive activity. Even more strikingly. a stage progress of sleep timing can bring on longer-lasting antidepressant effects. proposing an intimate functional relationship between slumber. its timing. and the depressive province. In healthy persons and in patients with affectional upsets. there is a close nexus between circadian beat. the stableness of temper. and sleep ordinance. How to reset the human biological clock in affectional upsets In clinical pattern. sleep perturbations in depression by and large can be improved with effectual antidepressant medicine. However. normally used modern antidepressants may be sleep-disturbing. peculiarly early in intervention. frequently to the extent that a ataractic or hypnotic compound has to be prescribed concomitantly ( Mayers A ; Baldwin. 2005 ) . The hunt for fresh antidepressants has focused chiefly on drug development. with the function of psychotherapeutics and cognitive behavioral therapy to assist depressive patients being good accepted. Surprisingly though. clinical application of chronobiological research. so called chronotherapeutics. appears non to suit into any conventional class. and is largely neglected as putative intervention. Chronotherapeutics Chronotherapeutics is defined as controlled exposure to environmental stimulations that act on biological beat ( e. g. visible radiation ) or direct uses of slumber in order to accomplish curative effects in the intervention of psychiatric upsets. One major purpose of chronotherapeutics is to synchronize impaired circadian beat. Today the scope of chronotherapeutic indicants non merely comprises affectional upsets such as major depression ( seasonal and non-seasonal ) . bipolar upset. and premenstrual dysphoric upset and depression during gestation. but besides bulimia nervosa. attention-deficit/hyperactivity upset ( ADHD ) . dementedness. Parkinson?s disease. and shift work and jet-lag perturbations ( Wirz-Justice et al. . 2009 ) . Chronotherapeutic elements include light therapy. dark therapy or blue-blocking dark glassess. aftermath therapy ( entire or partial sleep want in the 2nd half of the dark ) . stage progress of the sleep-wake rhythm. and exogenously administered melatonin . Light therapy as a zeitgeber has been used to resynchronise disturbed sleep agendas back to a more normal form. Light is besides an effectual antidepressant. moving on many of the same neurotransmitter systems and encephalon constructions as antidepressant drugs. What is intriguing approximately light therapy is that it is the first intervention in psychopathology that developed straight out of basic neurobiology research related to seasonal hibernation and reproduction in gnawers. Light therapy is effectual for all groups of major depression – non merely for the seasonal subtype ( SAD ) . for which it is good recognized as the intervention of pick. As an adjuvant to antidepressants in unipolar depressive patients. or Li in bipolar patients. forenoon light hastens and potentiates the antidepressant response. Light therapy shows profit even for patients with chronic depression of 2 old ages or more. and provides a feasible option for patients who refuse. resist or can non digest medicine. or for whom drugs may be contraindicated. as in antepartum depression ( Wirz-Justice et al. . 2005 ) . In add-on. light therapy has been successfully used in other psychiatric or neurological unwellnesss. including binge-eating syndrome nervosa and Alzheimer?s disease. Dark therapy has yielded positive consequences to command symptoms in acute passion and to quiet `rapid-cycling? bipolar patients in the frenzied stage – a group with one of the highest suicide rate s among the mentally ill. By maintaining patients in the dark and widening rest-sleep for periods of 10 to 14 hours. the passion episode could be ended. Dark therapy is theoretically interesting for its rapid effects. but is non really practical. One option at present being investigated is the usage of blue-blocking dark glassess. Blue is the wavelength to which the circadian system is peculiarly sensitive. therefore by barricading this scope in the light spectrum we can bring on â€Å"circadian darkness† while non impairing the patient’s vision. Melatonin is a endocrine secreted by the pineal secretory organ merely at dark. and is suppressed by visible radiation. Cued by darkness. melatonin is particularly of import for the oncoming of slumber. but is besides involved in many other systems – cardiovascular. immune. hormone. and metabolic. If beats are out of sync. as in depression. so melatonin beat besides occur at the incorrect clip therefore stressing the sleep perturbation. Exogenously administered. melatonin Acts of the Apostless as a zeitgeber to synchronize circadian beat. In add-on. its thermoregulatory action is of import to bring on a rapid oncoming of slumber. though it is non a ataractic agent per Se. Wake therapy ( a individual night’s sleep want ) is the most rapid antidepressant available today: about 60 % of patients. independent of diagnostic subtype. respond with pronounced betterment within hours. A individual night’s sleep want induces similar encephalon alterations as many hebdomads of antidepressant drugs ( Benedetti and Smeraldi. 2009 ) . Backsliding after recovery slumber can be prevented by day-to-day light therapy. attendant disposal of antidepressants ( SSRIs ) . Li ( for bipolar patients ) . or a short stage progress of slumber over 3 yearss. Combinations of these intercessions show great promise ( Wirz-Justice et al. . 2005. 2009 ) . Despite the turning grounds for the efficaciousness of the available chronotherapeutic methods. it is surprising how limited the usage of these interventions still is. Given the rapid action of chronotherapeutics. deficiency of side effects. and easy combination possibilities. how can kip doctors and head-shrinkers be educated about their usage? Possibly it is the patients that need to be educated. who are much more interested in non-pharmaceutic attacks? Obviously. interventions that are non patentable do non do net incomes for i ndustry. therefore denying the commercial selling theoretical account used for drugs. Because they do non travel through official clinical test enrollment at federal regulative bureaus. chronotherapeutic interventions are non on the list for insurance reimbursement. On history of their simpleness. chronotherapeutics contrast with hi-tech medical specialty. and for this ground are frequently non taken earnestly. Clinical deductions In clinical pattern there is still instead widespread ignorance about circadian slumber perturbations and chronotherapeutics in malice of the important grounds base. How can wider airing of chronotherapeutics be achieved? First. enterprising physicians should seek them out. Merely with first-hand experience does the world of efficaciousness and response emerge. Second. the techniques should be taught in medical school and during residence – since it is the younger coevals that is most unfastened to alter and utilize of cogent options to medicine. The non-profit-making. multilingual patients’ web site World Wide Web. cet. org and clinicians’ web site World Wide Web. chronotherapeutics. org of the Center for Environmental Therapeutics ( CET ) illustrate some first efforts to run into this Phase 3 educational challenge. Third. through its societies. the field of chronotherapeutics demands to recommend acknowledgment for reimbursement. In the intervention of affectio nal upsets. chronotherapeutics offer a new synthesis of non-pharmacologic intercessions designed to speed up remittal in patients with depression and bipolar upset. Uniting chronotherapeutics with accompaniment or follow-up medicine shows great promise. Given the pressing demand for new schemes to handle patients with residuary depressive symptoms. clinical tests of aftermath therapy and/or accessory light therapy. coupled with follow-up surveies of long-run return. are of high precedence. Decision Circadian disfunction can hold drastic effects on encephalon maps. Increasing grounds suggests that disrupted temporal administration impairs behavior. knowledge. and affect ( Benca et al. . 2009 ) . Break of circadian clock cistrons impairs sleep-wake rhythm and behavioral beat. which may be implicated in mental upsets. Several different psychiatric upsets. including depression. bipolar upset. seasonal affectional upset ( SAD ) . schizophrenic disorder. and borderline-related upsets are normally associated with abnormalcies in circadian beat. In peculiar. biological redstem storksbills play a major function in the pathophysiology of affectional upsets. Synchronizing impaired circadian beat. bettering sleep. or paradoxically remaining awake most of the dark can be highly helpful to handle patients with depression and bipolar upset. Chronotherapeutic combinations of visible radiation and aftermath therapy achieve fast consequences and. by cut downing residuary symptoms. besides minimise backsliding over many months. In add-on. chronotherapeutics seem to be a major facilitator of drug response. and. in combination with antidepressants. a promising method to brace patients over the long term. Research workers are working on widening our cognition refering pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical ways to change circadian beat. Recent finds of molecular redstem storksbills responsible for the coevals of circadian beat provide fresh penetrations into temporal break. offering new curative avenues for the intervention of affectional upsets. Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock * Sleep SubjectsMost people notice that they of course experience different degrees of drowsiness and watchfulness throughout the twenty-four hours. but what causes these forms? Sleep is regulated by two organic structure systems: sleep/wake homeostasis and the circadian biological clock. When we have been awake for a long period of clip. sleep/wake homeostasis Tells us that a demand for slumber is roll uping and that it is clip to kip. It besides helps us keep adequate slumber throughout the dark to do up for the hours of being awake. If this renewing procedure existed entirely. it would intend that we would be most watchful as our twenty-four hours was get downing out. and that the longer we were awake. the more we would experience like kiping. In this manner. sleep/wake homeostasis creates a thrust that balances slumber and wakefulness. Our internal circadian biological redstem storksbills. on the other manus. modulate the timing of periods of drowsiness and wakefulness throughout the twenty-four hours. The circadian beat dips and rises at different times of the twenty-four hours. so adults’ strongest sleep thrust by and large occurs between 2:00-4:00 am and in the afternoon between 1:00-3:00 autopsy. although there is some fluctuation depending on whether you are a â€Å"morning person† or â€Å"evening individual. † The drowsiness we experience during these circadian dips will be less intense if we have had sufficient slumber. and more intense when we are sleep deprived. The circadian beat besides causes us to experience more qui vive at certain points of the twenty-four hours. even if we have been awake for hours and our sleep/wake renewing procedure would otherwise do us experience more sleepy. Changes to this circadian beat occur during adolescence. when most teens experience a sleep stage hold. This displacement in teens’ circadian beat causes them to of course experience alert subsequently at dark. doing it hard for them to fall asleep before 11:00 autopsy. Since most teens wake up early for school and other committednesss. this sleep stage hold can do it hard to acquire the slumber teens need - an norm of 9 1/4 hours. but at least 8 1/2 hours. This sleep want can act upon the circadian beat ; for teens the strongest circadian â€Å"dips† tend to happen between 3:00-7:00 am a nd 2:00-5:00 autopsy. but the forenoon dip ( 3:00-7:00 am ) can be even longer if teens haven’t had adequate slumber. and can even last until 9:00 or 10:00 am. The circadian biological clock is controlled by a portion of the encephalon called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus ( SCN ) . a group of cells in the hypothalamus that respond to visible radiation and dark signals. From the ocular nervus of the oculus. light travels to the SCN. signaling the internal clock that it is clip to be awake. The SCN signals to other parts of the encephalon that control endocrines. organic structure temperature and other maps that play a function in doing us experience sleepy or awake. In the forenoons. with exposure to visible radiation. the SCN sends signals to raise organic structure temperature and bring forth endocrines like hydrocortisone. The SCN besides responds to light by detaining the release of other endocrines like melatonin. which is associated with sleep oncoming and is produced when the eyes signal to the SCN that it is dark. Melatonin degrees rise in the eventide and stay elevated throughout the dark. advancing slumber. In adolescents. research h as shown that melatonin degrees in the blood of course lift subsequently at dark than in most kids and grownups. Since teens may hold trouble traveling to bed early to acquire adequate slumber. it can assist to maintain the visible radiations dim at dark as bedtime attacks. It can besides assist to acquire into bright visible radiation every bit shortly as possible in the forenoon. Circadian breaks such as jet slowdown put us in struggle with our natural slumber forms. since the displacement in clip and light cues on the encephalon forces the organic structure to change its normal form to set. This is why coal-black slowdown can go forth travellers experiencing ill and holding more trouble thought and executing good. But these symptoms can besides happen in mundane life. when the circadian beat is disrupted by maintaining long and irregular hours. Because of this. it is of import to maintain a regular slumber agenda and allow plentifulness of clip for quality slumber. leting these two critical biological constituents - the sleep/wake renewing procedure and the circadian beat - to assist us ex ecute at our best. Mentions Circadian beat: Their function and disfunction in affectional upset. ( 10.April 30 ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. eurekalert. org/pub_releases/2010-08/econ-crt082610. php # Sleep Drive and Your Body Clock | National Sleep Foundation – Information on Sleep Health and Safety. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. sleepfoundation. org/article/sleep-topics/sleep-drive-and-your-body-clock Good sleeping wonts begin with a regular bedtime modus operandi. If you thought that was merely for childs. it’s clip to reconsider the importance of pre-sleep rites in your life. A restful bedtime modus operandi helps to fix your encephalon and organic structure for bed and promotes reposeful slumber. | If you try to leap directly from the twirling ideas and frenetic activity of your mundane life into a deep slumber. opportunities are you’ll be unsuccessful. That’s because your head and organic structure aren’t controlled by tossing a switch to the ‘off’ place in that manner. However. set uping a soothing bedtime modus operandi as an built-in portion of your kiping wonts sets the phase for a good darks sleep. Worlds are animals of wont and our natural organic structure beats crave consistence. So. when you’re be aftering your bedtime modus operandi. maintain things merely and easy because your ritual demands to be something you can make every individual dark. If you make it excessively drawn-out or intricate you’re puting yourself up for failure. Your pre-sleep behaviours should be comforting and loosen uping. The purpose is to give yourself the clip and infinite to weave down from the emphasiss of the twenty-four hours and make a calm ing province of relaxation to do it easier to fall asleep. If your kiping wonts include some of the followers. you’ll be good on your manner to set uping an effectual bedtime modus operandi. Take a warm bath A bead in organic structure temperature helps to trip the demand for slumber so a warm bath ( or a soak in the hot-tub ) may assist you fall asleep faster. You can heighten this consequence by utilizing aromatherapy merchandises ( bath oils. scented tapers and so on ) with quieting belongingss. Practice Relaxation Techniques Today’s fast-paced universe tends to do us strain and irritable. which can truly interfere with your ability to kip good. Spending some clip on loosen uping activities ( take a breathing exercisings. yoga. massage. speculation. or entle stretches ) before bed can take down anxiousness degrees and quiet your organic structure andhead. | Have a Bedtime BiteA bowl of nachos or that last piece of pizza decidedly shouldn’t have a topographic point in your bedtime modus operandi. But. certain nutrients and drinks can hold a positive consequence on your slumber. Some nutrients contain an amino-acid called tryptophan that can do you experience sleepy. Remember that glass of warm milk your ma used to press you to imbibe? She knew what she was making because milk contains tryptophan. In add-on to milk. many dairy merchandises such cheese and yoghurt contain this chemical. as do soy merchandises. domestic fowl. whole-grains and many seeds/nuts. So. a glass of milk and a smattering of wholewheat crackers could be a good add-on to your kiping wonts. Many herbal teas can hold a relaxing and quieting consequence. every bit good. Avoid Sleep-Destroying Activities A ; Foods Any activity that stimulates your encephalon or organic structure ( with the noticeable exclusion of love-making ) can undermine your bedtime modus operandi. Stay off from horror films. work electronic mail. strenuous exercising. caffeine. intoxicant. baccy. and spicy nutrients. Besides. watch out for unexpected side effects of prescription drugs. nonprescription medicines and natural redresss that you may take for other conditions. Changing your kiping wonts and set uping a bedtime modus operandi that encourages deep. reposeful sleep takes clip and finding – but the wagess are good worth the attempt.

#1 Business Writing Recommendation for Everything You Write at Work

#1 Business Writing Recommendation for Everything You Write at Work There are two fundamental questions that you should ask yourself before you write anything in business. Actually, you should ask yourself these questions before any kind of business communication in business, whether it takes the form of meetings, discussions, presentations, email, or major documents. This is my most important business recommendation that frames much of the work in our business writing courses. These two questions ensure that everything else about the document falls into place. It frames the essence of the communication. Skip these questions, and your document will not work in the most important way:helping your reader know or do what you seek. This is how you elicit the business response you seek. Business writing is a rhetoric entirely dependent on your audience, and it is also very results-oriented. We shouldn't be writing, or discussing, or presenting, if we don't have something to say. If you can't answer these questions, stop! There is no need write or say anything. My #1 Business Writing Recommendation Ask yourself these two important questions before you write anything at work: Question # 1 - Who is my reader? There are really two aspects to this question. 1.a - Who will actually be reading this document (or listening to your presentation or discussion)? Name them, so they are clear in your mind. Writing this down will help you frame your readers in your mind more clearly. 1.b - What is their unique perspective? (We summarize this in business writing trainingmore bluntly, and ask participants to explain "What's their deal?") Consider those readers you identified and analyze them. For example: Are they skimmers? If so, you need to consider format more, and likely include headings and white space and even graphics so it's easy skim. Are they focused on budget? Be sure you include clear cost/benefit content since that is important to them. Are they stubborn? You need to include specific, concrete facts to sway their opinion. You may also need to include some content that lets them change their opinion and still appear right. Are they a grammar perfectionist? You need to proofread very, very carefully. Are they a hot head? You may need to buffer the document, since you know they're quick to react and disengage before they read your good justifications. Are they familiar with your subject? You will need less background information, if so. Are they unfamiliar with your subject? Conversely, they will need clear background or context information. Are they committed to a particular viewpoint? If so, be sure to address how your information relates, because you know that will be their implicit question. And so on. Ask yourself what matters most to this reader. Do this, and your content will match audience needs. Skip this, and your content will likely have gaps or over-explanation or be off the mark. Question # 2 - What do I want my reader to know or do? This clarifies the purpose of your document. This question helps you guide your reader directly to the business outcome you seek. It pushes the information into the enterprise information flow. The answer to this question should be reflected in your conclusion. Make it easy for your reader to respond. This way, the document works. Do you see how these essential questions dramatically reframe every document? By considering your audience carefully and defining purpose, you will be able to provide the relevant content for your particular readers. Your readers will be able to understand or do what you are requesting. And, they will bemuch more amenable if you address their perspective. The Outcome Your document advances your business goals. Your reader is able to respond or understand the significance immediately. That is always the essential goal of all business writing. Always, be certain to ask these essential questionsfor every document you write. If you do, you can be confident you will have a framework of content that works. These simple steps change everything.

Writing the Lead Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Writing the Lead - Essay Example It also provides examples of these three types of leads in an effort to reveal how an effective lead could be written. Leads written by journalists and other media professionals could be categorized as good, bad, or questionable. A good lead should relate closely with the point statement of the newspaper or magazine article. This would make it not to dupe the reader of the article to read it only to realize that the article is different from what is illustrated by the lead. Moreover, a good lead should be enticing and captivating. This would give it the ability to induce interest of reading the whole article on the target leader. In addition, a good lead should not be too wordy. This means that it should not contain too many words that might make the lead boring. Not all leads can qualify to be good leads. One example of a good lead is â€Å"Not every thirteen-year-old girl is accused of murder, brought to trial, and found guilty. But I was just such a girl, and my story is worth relating even if it did happen years ago† (Read par. 1). This is a good lead since it is not wordy and it is both informative and captivating. According to Writing (Par. 2), another example of a good lead is â€Å"St. Johns Church survived in 1868 fire that destroyed most of Bloomington, and the weathered bombs thrown in anger during the sixties. But it crumbled last night under the weight of snow from yesterday’s freak storm.† This is also a very good lead because it is captivating and less wordy. Some leads are very difficult to categorize as either good or bad. These ones are categorized as questionable leads. In most cases, this kind of leads obeys some conditions of good leads while violating other conditions. A lead could be enticing and captivating but become too wordy. Moreover, a lead might be precise but fail to be captivating enough. A lead might also be enticing, captivating, and precise but fail to be informative enough. These kinds of leads are considered

Corporate Taxes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate Taxes - Essay Example 29) or the Code, otherwise the business is taxed under the Subchapter C of the Code. Moreover, during liquidation process, the liability of a sole owner of an S or C corporation is determined by the amount of money the owner has invested in the business, hence personal assets are not subject to the rights of creditors to seize or place a lien. Furthermore, when an entity undergoes bankruptcy proceedings and files for Chapter 11, the assets of the corporation is transferred to the bankruptcy estate, however "a transfer (other than by sale or exchange) of an asset from the debtor to the estate shall not be treated as a disposition for purposes of any provision assigning tax consequences to a disposition and the estate shall be treated as the debtor would be treated with respect to such asset" (IRC section 1398(f)). Given the above tax laws, rulings and regulations, if Susan treats her additional $80,000 as an additional stock investment, which will then increase the value of her total stock to $180,000, the for tax purposes, she will not be able to report the loss of the additional stock investment or the total value of her stock as a loss in her individual tax return. Section 1398(f) of the Code specifies that the bankruptcy estate will accrue the losses - both from operations and other items - of the business of the year that the bankruptcy process commenced. Hence, given the treatment of the $80,000 additional investment as a stock investment, on the year that Bluegill files for bankruptcy this amount and the rest of Susan's equity investment in the corporation will become the losses of the estate rather than her losses. However, the tax implications would be different if the $80,000 additional tax investment is treated by Susan as a loan to Bluegill Corporation. In this circumstance, Susan, to the extent of the $80,000 loan, is considered as a debtor. Hence, the tax treatment is different. However, the remaining stock value of Susan of $100,000 will still be treated the same way as identified above. For the $80,000 loan, during the bankruptcy proceedings, Susan can then assume a creditor's right to seize or attach lien on the corporation's assets. Any loss resulting from the bankruptcy of Bluegill with respect to the $80,000 loan can be reported in Susan's individual income tax return. There is a way for Susan, however, to claim the losses from her total stock investment in her individual tax return in case Bluegill files for bankruptcy. To be able to do this, Susan needs to file the bankruptcy right after the end of Bluegill's fiscal year. Corporation's fiscal year ends every December 31. Hence, Susan needs to file for bankruptcy right after this time. Whether the additional $80,000 investment can be considered a bona fide loan or a capital contribution or both, several factors need to be considered. First, whether the business was undercapitalized during the additional contribution. If capitalization was sufficient, then the additional investment can be considered as a bona fide loan. Another factor is the intention of Susan in giving the additional investment to Bluegill. In Adelson v. United States (Fed.Cir. 1984) 737 F.2d 1569, the court made a distinction on the difference of a loan and capital. The court stated that "a loan is

Fangirl Essay Example for Free

Fangirl Essay There are some kinds of love in this universe. Without love, a human being will not be able to live normally and there will be something empty inside their hearts. This can be love for our God, parents, families, lovers, or maybe just for our bestfriends. But now just think about this case: how about love for someone that we have never even met before? Maybe just fangirls who know how it feels, because they are the one who have a non-sense head over heels in love all over the time. What thing that comes in your mind when you hear the word â€Å"fangirls†? Maybe just a bunch of weird girls who are too much obsessed with the artist whom they admire to death. Why are they so weird? Because commonly, fangirls always have their own world, their own strange hobbies, and their own reason for being so crazy. The things such as plastering their idol’s face as their phone wallpaper, sticking so many huge posters at their rooms, overreacting when their favorite songs from their precious boys are played at the public place, sighing desperately when their hardisk is running out of memory due to a bunch of photos and videos that are too precious to be deleted, and other nonsense actions; they just do it naturally and with no other purpose than their own satisfaction over the idols. They just want to feel close with their boys. Moreover, fangirls even often call them as their ‘‘husband’’. See? It seems like fangirls’ imagination is their last hope. The other thing about fangirl is for most of them, every single thing about their boys always matters. That is why they joined some fanbases that keep updating about their boys’ current condition all the time. And believe me it means trully literally, starting from what their idols are doing, if there is any newest clip or tv show, attending some events, or even just being spotted at a supermarket without wearing any make up. They keep sharing the information with the other fangirls all over the world. That’s why for these girls, living in social networking such as twitter and facebook is much more interesting than their own and always-boring-real life. Being a fangirl sometimes can also be very annoying to the people surrounding them. I mean, when their â€Å"love†, or should we call it as an â€Å"obsession† instead? Yeah, stuff like that goes into an extreme level, obviously people may look at them in an oh-i’m-so-irritated-by-this-creature way. For example, when two angirls meet each other for the first time, have a little chit chat, and then find out that they are admiring the same person in a same group, those two will dive into their own world. Those fangirls will easily connected and nonstop talking about the newest news from their idols and ignoring the others who keep staring at them all the times, wondering what they are excitedly talking about. That is the reason wh y people always ignore the fangirls when they started talking about the topic-that-god-and-them-who-only-know. Now, let’s move on some obstacles that might bother most of fangirls in this earth. One of them is that being a fangirl is extremely expensive, since they always have the urge to wipe out their credit cards or spend lots of money to buy every single album, postcard, DVD, photobook, and other merchandise that has their idol’s face on it. This collecting habit will make their wallet pathetically empty. The most ironic thing about this is, when their idols’ groups come to their country and hold a big concert with such a high price ticket, the fangirls would separate into two paths. The first, in the case of fangirls who fortunately come from the have family, or maybe already have salary from their job, they will easily buy the ticket with no hesitation, watch the concert excitedly, and form a smile that will never leave their face for at least one month later. Such a sweet memories~ In the other way, for those who do not have enough money to own the ticket, they will just cry to death all day long, knowing that they will just let their boys come to their country and perform perfectly as always on the stage without witnessing it by themselves. Their sorrowful faces won’t dissapear easily for sure. Do you think fangirl is nothing than just a weirdo because theye’re crying for something that isn’t worth it? They do know it by themselves but they just couldn’t deny the feeling. Even though their obsession towards the boys sometimes makes no sense, there is still some positive things that can be taken from those fangirls. One of them that is, the faith. They always keep the faith, no matter what mistake that their boy’s done, they will find the excuse behind it, apologize them, and continue supporting them as always. That’s why the artist wouldn’t be exist without their loyal, caring, and supporting fans behind them.

Analysis of The Stepford Wives :: The Stepford Wives Movies Film Essays

Analysis of The Stepford Wives Mildly diverting is about the best that can be said for The Stepford Wives, a remake so pointless it could be about as entertaining as daytime tv.. Adapted from Ira Levin’s chilling novel as a comedy, as opposed to the nifty 70’s thriller which made the title a household phrase, the makers have missed out one crucial ingredient: Laughs. Nicole Kidman (Moulin rouge, practical magic) plays Joanna, a burnt-out TV executive who gets fired from her job and is driven to the 50’s suburb of stepford, where rich, style-free, god awful men live with impossibly beautiful and servile women. As we arrive we already know that something is suspect and it’s not just the script†¦ The original film, though far from flawless itself, stirred in the extra ingredient of sexual politics, playing on men’s fear of powerful women abandoning the home for the workplace. In the 21st century Stepford, Kidman is a high flier whose career crash leads her to question â€Å"maybe I’ve become the wrong kind of woman† while her hapless husband (Matthew Broderick) moans â€Å"your whole attitude makes people want to kill you†. It’s an interesting idea, that women’s liberation has led to a different kind of servitude- to the boardroom not the bedroom. But it was never properly explored. To be honest, given real-life inequalities (and I know were talking movies here) in pay and conditions and the lack of women in higher management it’s stupid to suggest the struggle for women’s rights has been won. But it just isn’t very entertaining, and social issues aside, this film has about as much consistency as a pancake stuck to the ceiling, for a while there it holds on to something but in the end it falls to the floor in pieces. The director Frank Oz assumes, probably quite rightly, that the audience knows why the sisters of Stepford so slavishly serve their men, but the lack of surprise or suspense cruelly exposes a similar lack of decent jokes, some of which are chucked in at the wrong moments, which could have otherwise saved a scene or two.

Colonization of Africa

Conquests, colonization, the slave trade, and the spread of consumerist society have shaped and formed the grounds for which developing countries find themselves today. The countries of the developing world subjected to colonialism have been faced with a number of impediments throughout the years which have hindered social and economic growth, and laid the foundation which bred cultural conflict. Colonialism, however, too bought Western civilization and all its attractions to underdeveloped countries during the process of colonialism.The following essay will highlight the effects of colonialism on the developing world from an economic, political and social perspective. The colonization of Africa has a long history, and can be explained as being set in motion as early as 200 AD, with the migration of Bantu speaking Africans from central Africa to the south of Africa due to the agricultural boom and overpopulation of tribes, known as one of the largest human migrations in history (ref) . Following the migration of the Bantu language group was the spread of Islam from 750 – 1500 AD, which was first accepted in West Africa by the Dya’ogo Dynasty.Following this spread, the establishment of empires throughout the continent transpired which created extensive trade networks throughout North and West Africa, allowing a peaceful medium through which Islam could broaden through the merchant class (Akosua Perbi, 2001). The Trans-Saharan and internal trade occurring in the same time period contributed to the diversity of inhabitants as a result of the ongoing slave trade through Ghana from the 1st to the 16th century. The first stage of European colonialism occurred during 1500 – 1880, and was based on the gold and slave trade.The Portuguese arrived on the coast of West Africa in 1471 to find a rapid trade in slaves and other goods between Ghana and its neighbouring coastal countries (Akosua Perbi, 2001). Portugal then continued to partake in the trade, and for 100 years were the only European country which traded directly with Ghana and its neighbouring countries (Kimble, 126). Wars often waged between neighbouring countries, with which captives were possessed as slaves and traded in Ghana for gold (Kimble, 126).The most important phase of colonialism, known as the European scramble for Africa, occurred during the 19th and 20th century following the collapse of the slave trade and the expansion of the European capitalist Industrial Revolution (Iweribor, 2002). It appears that three factors drove the push for European Imperialism, including economic, political and social motives. Driving the economic factor, the demand for assured sources of raw materials and the search for guaranteed markets and profitable investment outlets were the catalysts to the European scramble and the resultant conquest of Africa (Iweribor, 2002).The political force derived from the impact of inter-European power struggles between Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Portugal and Spain too played an important role in the process of colonisation. To exhibit superiority, acquisition of territories around the world including Africa was essential to national pre-eminence. The social factor presented the third major element in the push to colonise. As a result of industrialization, extreme social problems appeared in Europe that included unemployment, poverty, social displacement and homelessness as not all people could be absorbed by the new capitalist industries (Iweribor, 2002).The acquisition of colonies enabled European countries to send this excess of population into what would then be established as settler-colonies in Algeria, Tunisia, South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Angola and some central African areas like Zimbabwe and Zambia (Iweribor, 1). The interplay of these economic, political and social factors led to the crazed attempts by European agents to declare and establish a share in African territory for trade and claims to control of waterways and commercial routes throughout parts of Africa.The extremity of the scramble forced the German chancellor Otto von Bismarck to convene a summit of European powers to avoid the possibility of inter-imperialist conflict, known as the Berlin Conference held from November 1884 to February 1885 (Stilwell, 2002). The conference fabricated the Berlin Act, a treaty with provisions to lead the conduct of the European imperialist opposition in Africa. This treaty, drawn up without African participation, provided the grounds for the successive separation, invasion and colonisation of Africa.It presented European powers an open market for trade that bought more from colonial power than it sold overall (Shillington, 2005). From this stage, African territory was divided randomly between the European countries. France and England had a significant influence in reshaping the colonies. Britain as well as Germany utilized the idea of ‘Imperial Monachy’, while t he French struggled to incorporate Africans into republican traditions (Grinker, 2010). During this process, some of the local values and institutions were replaced by more modern/western ones.Furthermore, colonisation obstructed the internal process of state formation and development in Africa, leaving legacies of corruption and political instability (Tangie, 2006). Africa experienced extreme cultural clashes which were resultant from the influence of political, economic, social and religious factors on the indigenous societies of Africa. Along with the occupation, the Europeans brought with them traditions and religions to implement and utilize as a justification for their presence in Africa at the time (Tangie, 2006).The effects of colonialism can be reflected in the changes touching various aspects including cultures and institutions. The exploitative utilization of Africa as a means of economic prosperity for the superior minority projected Africa as an inferior race. Colonizat ion was a means of displaying racial arrogance that humiliated African leaders and their people (Toyin, 2005). It encouraged competition and conflict between ethnic groups based on the ideals and principles that had been implemented in the various countries. With violence, colonialism created new frontiers and developed new economic and political objectives.New governments expressed their desire to maintain the colonial boundaries created during the colonisation period, however, it appeared that governmental institutions, good governance skills and experience to rule lacked. These boundaries created back-up zones for guerrilla groups to harass legitimate governments, and also made it impossible for internal unity and identity to be generated among African states (Jacobson, 2007). The imposition of a western system of governance has created many problems that have been difficult to solve over the years.The western system deviated from the culture and traditions of Africa, which were inherently dictatorial, starting from the family system and ending with the government. A gap was created between the tradition system of governance and that of the Western model, with minimal or no effort made to create a blend between the two. Therefore, as a result, all efforts were towards replacing the traditional systems that were identified as primitive, which veered off from the tradition and cultural norms of the people, contributing to a loss in identity (Jacobson, 2007).After the end of colonialism, a border dispute has become one of the most critical causes of conflict in Africa, particularly manifested in the boundary disputes between Ethiopia and Eritrea, and Nigeria and Cameroon as examples (Teshome, 2009). These lengthy periods of conflict and war, along with famine and droughts detrimentally affected the economy as well as the populations well-being. As a result, the output per head in Africa is the lowest of any major world region, and has expanded slowly only sinc e 1960 (Teshome, 2009).The negative effects of colonialism on education can be identified in some colonial countries such as Ethiopia. The Ethiopian educational system faced many obstacles due to the history of educational traditions, as for a long period of time religion was spread by Christian and Islamic missionaries. When Italy invaded Ethiopia, the educational system collapsed and the government was forced to rebuild the system from scratch, and by 1974 only 15. 3 percent of children were attending primary school.The main issues were related to the problems of quality, equity and relevance (Teshome, 2009). Another example relating to education is that of the Senegal case, which illustrates how little is possible when the education system has been affected. According to statistics, two thirds of children enrol in primary school and of that almost a quarter drop out later on (Teshome, 2009). While literacy for children was 49. 1 percent in 2004, in the same year the literacy for adults was only 39. 3 percent (Jacobson, 2007).Over half of the population are unable to read and write, which means over half of the population are unable to acquire jobs. Although colonialism created various obstacles to economic growth, it too introduced integration to the international system for Africa, abolishing the popular slave trade that existed in Africa preceding colonisation (Siemensen, 1999). Colonialism also created a rich diversity in Africa, with a mixture of people, languages, religions and customs which has created the ‘rainbow nation’ that we are identified with today.The process of colonialism also introduced many Western ideals and practices that are still implemented today that have positively influenced economic growth and social welfare. In conclusion, it can be identified that the effects of colonial rule over African countries has contributed significantly to the issues facing developing countries today in relation to economic growth, educatio n, development as well as war and conflict created through policies and ideals implemented during the process of colonialism by European countries.

Beano’s Cafe

GROUP Harrah’s Entertainment Questions for Discussion 1. Briefly discuss Harrah’s marketing information system Marketing managers and other information user Marketing information system Developing needed information Assessing information needs Internal database Marketing intelligence Marketing Research Analyzing and using information Marketing Environment Questions for Discussion †¢ Marketing Information and Customer Insights: To create value for customers & build meaningful relationships with them, executive managers must gain fresh, deep insights into what customers need and want. Assessing Information Needs: †¢ Internal database : consumer & market information obtained from a variety of source systems. The system records the details of a customer’s stay, demographic data, preference data, Data recorded from tournaments and special events etc. Questions for Discussion †¢ Marketing intelligence : includes everyday data about developments that help s managers prepare and adjust marketing plans and short-run tactics (e. g. , Competitive, economic) Marketing Research : Survey, Email, mail †¢ Analyzing and using information : Marketing analysts can analyze hundreds of customer attributes to determine each customer’s preferences and predict what future services and rewards they will want. For example, Harrah’s might award hotel vouchers to out-of-state guests, while free show tickets would be more appropriate for customers who make day trips to the casino. Customer View of the Total Goldâ„ ¢ Program Questions for Discussion 2. Describe the relationship between Harrah's marketing information system and Harrah's managers and employees.Harrah's managers – improving service – creating effective advertising & sales promotion programs – developing new products – improving existing products – developing marketing and sales plans – development & use of an effective revenue ma nagement program – Training employee to standard M I S Employees – Customer service scores to employee for accumulating point – To verify and improve service Questions for Discussion 3. Why does Harrah's system work so well compared to MIS efforts by other companies? business strategy that focuses on knowing their customers †¢ Operational Applications †¢ Total Rewards is Harrah’s customer loyalty program. †¢ Closed-Loop Marketing †¢ Technology Support Questions for Discussion 4. To what extent is Harrah's in danger of a competitor copying its system? Leadership This was a critical success factor since for a person to generate changes in the operating business, †¢ CRM culture extends Culture competitive advantage †¢consist of a number of different capabilities †¢by combining product information with customer behavior, â€Å"no one can touch us. † Thank you for your attention

A I D S

A I D S Why do we need to know about the AIDS? An estimated 800,000 to 1.2 million people in the United States are infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (American Social Health Association). Unlike many diseases, HIV infection and AIDS are preventable and getting up-to-date information is the first step towards protecting yourself. Africa and Asia has the most Aids affected patients in comparison from the other continents. Countries with a high rate of infection are Uganda, Burundi, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania and Zambia. According to World Health Organization, Asia had 1 millian individuals mostly in India and Thailand whose blood had tested positive for the AIDS vius (steel 11). In order to increase awareness about AIDS, including how dangerous it is, we must make sure that every person knows what AIDS is, how it is spreading in Asian and AFrican countries and how it is transmit from one individual to other.HIV infectionDEFINING AIDSAIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Sy ndrome and HIV means Human immunodeficiency virus. A general misconception is that a person who has an HIV positive test has AIDS. An HIV person can receive and AIDS diagnosis on the basis of certain blood tests and may not have experienced any serious illness. AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection. Typically, HIV lives in an infected person's body for months or years before any signs of illness appear (ASHA, 1).AIDS IN THE WORLDHIV patient's rates in most of the Asians countries have increased by over 100% since 1994 overall infection rates among the general population remain low in comparison with those in sub-saharan Africa. But with 60% of the world's population, even low HIV prevalence rates looks into large numbers of people living with the virus, and Asia is expected to be the flashpoint for...