Italo Calvino as Author/Game-master in If On a Winters Night a Travele

Italo Calvino as Author/Game-master in If On a Winters Night a TravelerIn an interview conducted in January 1978, wizard year in advance the publication of his novel If on a winters darkness a traveler (Iown), Italo Calvino responded to a question about his future writing plans with these words What I get open is fiction, a storytelling that is lively and inventive, as well as the more reflective kind of writing in which narrative and essay become one (Calvino, caveman in Paris 190). Calvino created this very type of fiction in Iown, a novel that consists of a metafictional narrative that frames the beginnings of ten unique novels. This type of social organization allows Calvino to satisfy his needs as a storyteller, and at the same time it allows him the opportunity to insert his own thoughts and opinions on theories of reading and writing. Ultimately we have the sensory faculty that this is a novel where Calvino is in total authorial control, not only in the good sense tha t he controls the characters, the plot, the structure of the novel, etc., but also in the sense that he controls us as readers of the novel. He does so by creating a novel that is a game, complete with virtual reality-like settings where his characters act out their adventures with seemingly belittled control over their own destinies. Calvino acts as the ultimate game-creator/game-master who controls both the characters he creates and the real players of this game-like novel, the readers. As readers we become caught up in Calvinos playful language and his narrative tricks, but on another level we are subject to Calvinos metafictional discourse. As the true readers of Iown we cannot ignore the sections of the novel that deal with aspects of writing, authorship, and publishing in ways th... ...Ombra lunga dellautore, trans. William Hanley (Milano Feltrinelli, 1999). http//www.public.asu.edu/dgilfill/texts/benedetti.shtml.Calvino, Italo. Hermit in Paris. (New York Pantheon, 2003).- - - -. If on a winters night a traveler, trans. William Weaver. (San Diego Harcourt Brace, 1981).Carter, Albert Howard III. If on a winters night a traveler Fantasy and Reading. Italo Calvino Metamorphoses of Fantasy. (Ann Arbor UMI, 1987) 125-137.Cotrupi, C. Nella. Hypermetafiction Italo Calvinos If on a winters night a traveler. Style. Vol.252 (Summer 1991) 280-292.Fink, I. The Power Behind the Pronoun Narrative Games in Calvinos If on a winters night a traveler. Twentieth Century Literature. Vol.371 (Spring 1991) 93-105.Waugh, Patricia. Metafiction The Theory and devote of Self-Concious Fiction. (London Methuen, 1984).

Outsourcing Jobs :: Globalization, Economics, Economy

It is 200 A.M. and you have been surfing the Internet all night. Your information processing system starts to slow down and suddenly stops. You cannot explain why you have tried everything in your power to get it running again. It is early in the morning and you are tired, so what are your options? You decide to call the computer companys help desk. You know it is late, so you are surprised that someone answers your call. The person on the other end of the phone is an outsourced employee. The language barrier makes it difficult to understand, and you survive upset. At this moment your main concern is to get your computer working again, so you continue to let the technical support representative help you. After a short time of being on the phone, the representative helps you, and your computer is fixed. straight that your computer is in working order, you return to the thought that you received help from an outsourced office. You were not happy to get a representative from oversea s, but now that your trouble is fixed, you realize it wasnt that bad. Many people have the same reaction to this scenario. It is common today to get upset about the use of job outsourcing. The join on of companies that use seaward help is making people talk. The upfront concern is that the use of outsourcing is taking away from jobs in the joined States. This may be the hot consensus, but it is not completely true. In reality, the use of job outsourcing does not have a negative effect on the economy in the United States.Americans complain about the loss of jobs to outsourcing, so we need to take a look at our unemployment rate. It would naturally make sense that if a job is set(p) overseas, it is being taken away from an American worker. In truth, companies have outsourced since the Industrial Revolution (Kakumanu, Portanova, 2006, p. 1). The use of outsourcing jobs is not a new concept it has just become more popular. Offshore outsourcing of labor first became prevalent in manuf acturing industries. Labor in other countries was cheaper than America workers, and transportation fell. This made sending work offshore more economical and began a large wave of outsourcing (Kakumanu, Portanova, 2006, pg 1). Would this then mean that if jobs are being sent overseas in these large waves, there would smooth be jobs left for American workers?

Brave New World Ultimate Destruction :: Brave New World

Brave in the raw World Ultimate Destruction In Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tries to convey the belief that every invention or improvement for the betterment of mankind is moreover an instrument for his ultimate destruction. We are, he said, on the horns of an ethical predicament and to find the middle way will require all out intelligence and all out good will. This goes for all fields of life, medical, technical, social, etc. non only in the book, but also in real life, one can see that this belief is evidently real. A first example in the book is the process in which babies are born. The intricate fertilizing, decanting, and conditioning processes is directly used to produce and control a 5 caste system in clubhouse. Now, this is not a bad idea, other system is flawed. We see this in people like Bernard. An alpha is supposed to be at the top of society being well formed, tall, good looking and intelligent. Bernard however is somewhat shorter and less handsome than the rest of the men in his caste, and therefore is thought of as queer. This discrimination in the hatching system shows proof that the system is not completely safe or stable, and will in time produce to a greater extent and more social rejects that can only exsert to destroy the system. The conditioning process itself is also a good example of how innovation and progress can lead to the destruction of man. John got this in his belief that everyone, no matter how old, was an infant because of the conditioning systems. To truly mature, he thought, one must face suffering and ageless cleansing (leading him to his time at the lighthouse). The acceptance and use of the notion that society should be organized by the pleasures of the people is preposterous in that by only living for simple physical pleasure at whatever moment in time it may be, one is stripped of the ability to strive for long-range, true happiness. By breeding a complete society of infants with no concept of plann ing for a final goal can only end in destruction as it con not support itself if the hand that rocks the cradle, excuse the pun, would happen to waiver. Thirdly, in the book, the rationing and use of soma as a qualifying for all people is a big red flashing light on the board of pending social disaster.

dying process Essay -- essays research papers

1.)Explain how the answers to the self-inventories in the text concerning facts, strengths, beliefs and feelings more or less death reflect our societal discretion or lack of understanding of death. I calculate that the self- inventory question reflected on both our understanding and lack of understanding about death think topics. Some of the answers to the questions on the inventory I knew without look at the answers, tho some of the answers actually surprised me. The question about the death certificate was 1 of the questions that actually surprised me. I assumed before I did the inventory that every death certificate had a specific cause of death that was assumption on the certificate. Another answer that surprised me was that measles kill more state in third world countries than AIDS. The inventory actually made you think about all aspects of death. Differentiate between attitudes, experiences, beliefs, and feelings about death related topics. Attitudes refer to our act ion tendencies. Beliefs refer to our relatively stable and broad interpretations of the world and our positioning in it. Feelings provide us with qualitative in processation on our total sense of being. Experiences are the things that we go through in heart that help form our attitudes, beliefs, and feelings. Each one is important in developing, but each one is also distinct. Attitude is how we react, or maybe it is the way we do not react. Your attitude can change every five minutes. Beliefs are the things that help us k promptly who we are your beliefs do not change same(p) your attitude. Most people feel more passionate about their beliefs. Our feelings let us know hurt, and happens. Our feelings help us develop our beliefs and attitude. Give an example of how your own experiences may ware impacted upon your feelings and beliefs about death. When my grandmother died I felt terrible, I had never felt that way before. It is hard to explain the way I actually felt. I remember t hat I stayed to myself most of the time. I never wanted to hear anyone else talking about it or talking about her. Eventually I realise that that was how they were grieving, by talking about her and never letting her go in their hearts. I still do not like to talk about her death, but I will not get upset if I her anyone else talking about it. My beliefs about death I am not to sure about yet. There are so many... ...ntually go crazy if they had no way of dealing with grief. Changing ways of life and death is the way society has dealt with different types of life threatening illnesses in the past and the deadly illnesses we are dealing with today. Life expectancy rates today are much higher than those of the past. Women life expectancy rate is several years higher than males. This is do to better medical conditions, better technology in our society today. In the early 1900 the leading(p) cause to death was pneumonia, influenza, and tuberculosis. In the 1940s heart disease became the leading cause of death in the United States and have remained there. In the future in the United States contagious disease will be at the top of the list. Tuberculosis is expected to make a come back do to situations like HIV/AIDS.I think changes are occurring in the death system because time and experiences changes everything. As technology has developed in the United States we have seen a descend in many illnesses due do cures, and vaccines to some illness. I think changes are positive, we do not have a cure to HIV now but as long as things continue to change and technology continues to grow a cure will come soon.

Impacts of WTO on Trading Countries Essay -- essays research papers f

Impacts of WTO on Trading Countries     Inter state of matteral trading has had its delays and road blocks, which has created a number of problems for countries around the world. Countries, fighting with one other to get the better deal, create tariffs and taxes to maximize their profit. This fighting leads to bad relationships with competing countries, and the dinky producing countries get the short end of this stick. Regulations and organizations have been established to help everyone get the outperform deal, such as the humankind Trade Organization (WTO), but not everyone wants help, especially from an organization that seems to help only the big countries and those they want to trade with. This write up will be discussing outside(a) trading with emphasis on national sovereignty, the World Trade Organization, and how the WTO impacts trading countries.     To understand how the World Trade Organization impacts international trading an d national sovereignty, we must know what they are and mean to countries. All countries must trade to sustain their people and to get the products they need. It is a known occurrence that certain countries have what other countries need/want whether it is natural resources, labor or consumer products. Trading though needs to be regulated, because bigger countries can toughie smaller less experienced countries. Countries are looking to get the most profit necessary, and with out regulations some countries could take what the need. National sovereignty is when a nation has complete rule over its country or the region in which it controls. When international trading comes into play, that nations rule can change, or be changed, to better fit trade agreements, taxes/tariffs, and the sort. National sovereignty is usually bent, even if just a little, to abide to companies within their nation and other trade partners.     To discuss how the World Trade Organization imp acts international trading and national sovereignty we must first explain what it is and why it was established in the first place. The World Trade Organization is designed to create the rules involved with trade. These trading rules include all countries, not just the US, and can therefore be a little tricky at times. "The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies, it does not define or specify outcome... ...end of the stick seem to be the small farms, developing countries, topical anesthetic communities and the environment. The WTO isnt a perfect organization by any means, but it does try to regulate tariffs and taxes and occasionally does end up helping a fewer poor countries out. Without the WTO, would the world be a different place? America needs it, this much we know, but do all the other countries? Many protestors would make out that no, the world does not need the WTO and everyone should stick to its own domestic issues. However, others might say yes, the WTO ca n be of some use when dealing with particularly hostile countries that might not have a chance to trade with anyone else otherwise. In either case the facts have been shown on what the WTO is, why it is here, what it does and how it effects trading. Works CitedBagwell, Kyle & vitamin A Staiger, Robert W. "A Theory of Managed Trade," American Economic Review. 1990. American Economic Association, vol. 80(4), pages 779-95.Hoekman, B. The WTO, the EU and the Arab World Trade Policy Priorities and Pitfalls. Centre for Economic Policy. 1995. CEPR. Paullier, Juan. In Depth I World Trade Organization. Choike. 2004. 04/22/2005.

Pocahontas: A Great American Myth Essay -- Native Americans History Es

Pocahontas A Great American MythJohn Smiths tales of the Indian princess, Pocahontas, have, everyplace time, encouraged the evolution of a great American myth. According to this myth, which is common knowledge to most Americans, Pocahontas relieve Smith from being killed by her father and his warriors and whence fell in love with John Smith. Some versions of the myth popular among Americans include the marriage of Smith and Pocahontas. Although no one can be real of exactly what happened almost four-hundred years ago, most historians agree that the myth is incorrect. Pocahontas did not save John Smiths heart from savages and never showed any affection for him. The events of her life resist greatly from the myth Americans have created. Historians, such as Nancy Egloff, of the Jamestown settlement, believe Smith created the story of his attempted murder to gain fame (Vincent 1). Our sole evidence that Pocahontas saved Smiths life comes from his story in The General History of Vir ginia, New England, and the Summer Isles (1624), but this may not be a reliable source. According to Smith, he was captured by Indians, taken to their chief, Powhatan, and was to be killed, but Pocahontas, Powhatans daughter, saved his life (111). John Smith was captured by the Indians, but whether he was to be killed by them in the ceremony which he describes in The General History of Virginia is not certain. Smith describes a scene where all of the Indians gather around him, place his headland on a stone, and Pocahontas lays her head on top of his to save him from being clubbed to death (111). Historians believe that this was not an attempt to beat out his brains, as Smith describes (111), but rather an espousal ceremony. The Indians merely welcomed Smith into the tribe, for after the ceremony, Chief Powhatan named him his son, which Smith also describes in his General History, but attributes his acceptance to Pocahontas love for Englishmen. This ceremony was actually a traditio nal ritual of the tribe, and Pocahontas played a designated role in that ritual (Chief nutty Horse). She accepted Smith as her brother in the ritual, while Smith believed she saved his life from ruthless savages. Smith may have misinterpreted an Indian ritual, or he may have romanticized the story to gain fame, which many believe was true of him. Some believe Smiths captivity may never have occurred... ...eys further dramatization of the myth It is unfortunate that this sad story, which Euro-Americans should find embarrassing, Disney makes entertainment and perpetuates a double-dealing and self-serving myth at the expense of the Powhatan Nation. (3)Perhaps we, as Americans, enjoy this romantic tale of Indians and Europeans, our ancestors, uniting. We therefore continue to relay this obstruction of the truth from multiplication to generation, until the truth is no longer recognizable. Works Cited Pocahontas. Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities. Online. Inte rnet. January 24, 1998. Available at http //www.apva.org /history/ pocahont.html. John Smith. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Baym, Nina et. all. 4th ed. Vol. 1. New York Norton, 1994. 111. Chief Roy Crazy Horse. Pocahontas Myth. Powhatan Nation. Online. Internet. January 24, 1998. Available http//www.powhatan.org/pocc.html. Pocahontas. Columbia Concise Encyclopedia Microsoft Bookshelf. Microsoft Corporation 1993. 1. Vincent, Mal. Preview the historical Pocahontas. Online. Internet. 24 Jan. 1998. Available http//www.pilotonline.com/movies/mv0620his.html

Global Equity Markets: The Case of Royal Dutch and Shell Essay

In early January 1996, Ms. Joanne Partridge, Director of Research at high pathway Global Advisors ( luxuriously way), a Boston-based spherical investing caution organization, was studying the harm behavior of the shares of princely Dutch Petroleum and knock down broadcast and Trading. It seemed that Royal Dutch and get should trade in fixed proportions since they represent equivalent classes of shares of the alike(p) holding corporation. However, the ratio of share prices had been anything but constant. For example, Shell traded at a premium to Royal Dutch during 1990 and 1991, while Royal Dutch traded at a premium to Shell subsequent to 1991. Presently, the premium of Royal Dutch over Shell was at an all-time high of almost 12%.Joanne Partridge was trying to understand the opportunities presented by the Royal Dutch/Shell pricing discrepancy. Several of noble Streets U.S. domestic fair play and global equity portfolios currently held significant positions in Royal Dutc h. These positions could potentially be sold and replaced with equivalent- coat positions in Shell. In addition, the firm had recently landed several new-fashi oned accounts, and would soon be investing the investment companys. It would do to decide whether these new accounts should own Royal Dutch or Shell. Finally, High Street managed a hedge stemma, High Street Partners, which could attempt to arbitrage the price discrepancy by taking a long position in Shell and an offsetting short position in Royal Dutch.High Street Global AdvisorsHigh Street Global Advisors managed approximately $40 one thousand million of tax-exempt assets for pension funds, foundations and endowments, and about $15 billion in mutual funds held by individual investors. Most of these assets were in equity portfolios, whose investment mandates ranged from purely U.S.domestic to non-U.S. to fully global.High Street viewed the mankind as consisting of one global economy. Accordingly, it emphasized appraisin g investment opportunities in a global context. At the core of the firms equity investment capability was a team of analysts who followed global industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, autos, and oil, and who recommended their best decline selections within these industries to the________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professors Kenneth A. Froot and Andre F. Perold prepared this teddy. HBS cases are developed solely as the origination for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective direction. Much of the data in the case is drawn from Kenneth A. Froot and Emil Dabora, How are Stock Prices Affected by the Location of Trade?, Harvard University, May 1996.Copyright 1996 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request authorization to spew materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Bu siness School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a recovery system, uptaked in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School.This document is authorized for hold only in Speculation, Crisis & Behavioral Finance (Huberman) EMBA FA14 by Gur Huberman at Columbia Business School from July 2014 to January 2015.various equity portfolio managers. Partridge played a key role in givingdirection to these analysts and in managing the flow of ideas between them and the portfolio managers. Portfolio management at High Street was generally governed by a value-investing philosophy according to which securities were purchased if their prices were attractive sexual intercourse to key company fundamentals. In the case of Royal Dutch, the oil analyst was recommending the company on the basi s of its lower price-to-book and price-earnings ratios than the major U.S. oil firms and because the company was contemplating certain refinery shutdowns and other operating restructurings that would improve its competitiveness.Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and TradingRoyal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport and Trading were not independent companies. The two were linked to one another by collective charter, which mandated that cash flows to the equity holders of each company should be distributed in a 60/40 ratio. (See break 1 for balance sheets and income statements of the combined separate companies.) The companies say that, the RoyalDutch/Shell Group of companies has grown out of a 1907 alliance between Royal Dutch and Shell Transport by which the two companies agreed to mix their interests on a 60/40 basis while remaining separate and distinct entities.The organizational structure of the Group companies is depicted in represent 2. All subsidiary companies sha res were held by the Group Holding Companies, which in turn were owned by the two parent companies, Royal Dutch Petroleum and Shell Transport & Trading, in the ratio of 60/40. Royal Dutch and Shell were independently incorporated in the Netherlands and England, respectively. The companies alliance meant that all inflows from and outflows to shareholders were split 60/40.1 feature this 60/40 split with the number of shares of Royal Dutch and Shell outstanding, meant that one share of Royal Dutch was entitled to the same cash flows as 9.2744 shares of Shell.2The Group had attempted to make information widely available concerning parent company linkages. In addition to being relieveed at the beginning of each annual Report, the corporate connections were detailed in 20Fsubmissions to the U.S. SEC. The linkages were also the subject of a dedicated analyst/investor guide. While the Group actively attempted to split the cashflows according to the 60/40 ratio, there were a number of fac tors that caused dividend payments to deviate away from that ratio. These issues are discussed in the Appendix below. Analysts at High Street believed these factors to be relatively minor.Royal Dutch and Shell were listed on nine exchanges in Europe and the linked States. Most of Royal Dutchs trading activity took place in the United States and the Netherlands markets, whereas Shells trading occurred predominantly in the U.K. market. In overbold York, however, Shell shares did trade as American Depository Receipts (ADRs), with one ADR being equivalent to six shares of Shell Transport and Trading. Thus, 1.5457 (9.2744/6) Shell ADRs were equivalent to one share of Royal Dutch. Geographical ownership information for Royal Dutch and Shell are shown in picture 3. Exhibit 4 contains information on the trading volume of Royal Dutch and Shell in New York, 1Royal Dutch and Shell Transport shall share in the aggregate net assets and in the net aggregate dividends and interest received from Group companies in the proportion of 60/40.It is further arranged that the burden of all taxes in the nature of or corresponding to an income tax leveeable in respect of such dividends and interest shall fall in the same proportion. Royal Dutch 20-F, 1993, pp. 1-2. Specifically, the company distributed corporate tax shields (generated by Shells dividends under UK tax law) on a 60/40 basis to the shareholders of both companies (see the Appendix below). 2As of January 1996, there were 536,074,088 shares of Royal Dutch and 3,314,503,242 shares of Shell outstanding.London, and Amsterdam since 1991. Royal Dutch had long been include in the S&P 500 and the most popular Amsterdam stock index, the CBS Herbeleggings. Similarly, Shell had long been included in the major index of U.K. stocks, the pecuniary Times Allshare Index (FTSE).3 Although Royal Dutch was a foreign-owned corporation, it was considered a U.S. stock by many institutional investors by virtue of its inclusion in popular U. S. stock indexes. Major institutional holdings of Royal Dutch and Shell are listed in Exhibits 5 and 6.It appeared that arbitrage across markets disciplined the price of Royal Dutch, so that it was essentially equal around the world. That is, at a given time, it would cost an equivalent amount to buy a share of Royal Dutch in Amsterdam as it would in New York. The same was true of Shell prices in London and New York, although for Shell the geographic disparities were generally somewhat larger. (See Exhibit 7 for historical geographic price disparities of Royal Dutch and Shell and Exhibit 8 for current pricing differentials.) However, the price of Royal Dutch fluctuated considerably when compared with the price of Shell. For example, on January 3, 1996, shares of Royal Dutch and Shell closed in Europe at fl227.8004 (Amsterdam) and ?8.6300 (London), respectively. At prevailing exchange rates, these prices were close to those that prevailed on the same day at the close of the New York markets.5 (See Exhibit 9.)However, in both Europe and the United States, Royal Dutch was considerably more expensive than Shell (see Exhibits 8 and 9). Partridge was curious about the nature of the pricing differential. She wondered whether the strong performance of the S&P 500 compared to international stocks in 1995 might explain part of the current premium on Royal Dutch shares.6 In particular, Partridge wondered whether Royal Dutch would appear more highly correlated with the United States and Netherlands markets than Shell, and, similarly, whether Shell would appear more highly correlated with the U.K. market than Royal Dutch. If so, then an increase in, say, U.S. stocks would, all else equal, result in an increase in the price of Royal Dutch relative to that of Shell.To investigate this, Partridge had an analyst compare the betas of RoyalDutch and Shell. The analyst regressed the difference between the hold backs on Royal Dutch and Shell on both market index and currency retu rns. (The betas of the Royal Dutch / Shell return differential are reported in Exhibit 10.) For example, a beta of 0.2 against the S&P 500 would indicate that a 1% increase in U.S. stocks (holding other countries stock prices and currencies constant) would be associated with a 20 basis prove increase in the price of Royal Dutch relative to that of Shell. Partridge also knew that dividend withholding taxes might alter investor perceptions of relative stock value.This should not have been very important for private investors in the United Kingdom, Netherlands, and United States, all of whom faced symmetric withholding taxes on the dividends of Royal Dutch and Shell. However, pension funds sometimes faced tax asymmetries with respect to the two stocks. For example, U.K. pension funds were exempt from withholding taxes on Shell, but not on Royal Dutch, and conversely, Netherlands pension funds were exempt from withholding taxes on Royal Dutch, but not on Shell. Partridge wondered wheth er tax issues could explain the behavior of the relative price of Royal Dutch versus Shell. Exhibit 11 shows the dividend and withholding taxes faced by different investor groups.Analysis of the Investment OpportunitiesBefore suggesting any trades based on the price differential between Royal Dutch and Shell, Partridge wanted to better understand the costs that might be involved. To do so, she enlisted the help of High Streets trading desk and also a prominent Wall Street firm through which High Street funneled much of its volume in international stocks, and which High Street also used for customized derivatives transactions.Partridge began by thinking through the economics of selling Royal Dutch and purchasing Shell. This would be relevant for the portfolios in which Royal Dutch was presently being held, and which had a mandate for owning foreign as well as domestic shares. Some of High Streets clients had given it strict U.S.-only mandates which permitted it to hold Royal Dutch bu t not Shell. On the New York Stock Exchange, both Royal Dutch and Shell ADRs were typically quoted at a 25? bid-offer spread in small-sized quantities (one thousand to five thousand shares). The spread usually would be wider for large sized trades. In addition, for trades in listed stocks, High Street paid its brokers a one-way commission of 5? per share. In Amsterdam, Royal Dutch was typically quoted at a spread of fl0.3 for small trades, and, in London, Shell was typically quoted at a spread of ?0.03 for small trades. In both Amsterdam and in London, High Street would pay one-way commissions on top of these spreads of 30 basis points.The United Kingdom also imposed Stamp Tax, a 50 basis point transfer tax on purchases of U.K. stocks, including Shell.7 Trades in Royal Dutch in Amsterdam and in Shell in London would also require the mutation from guilders and pounds to dollars. These currencies tended to trade at bid-ask spreads of six basis points. If High Streets hedge fund were to attempt to arbitrage the price discrepancy, one alternative would intend selling short shares of Royal Dutch and purchasing shares of Shell. In a short sale, the hedge fund would borrow shares of Royal Dutch, sell the shares, and later buy them and return them to the lender. The hedge fund would have to reimburse the lender for any dividends paid on Royal Dutch shares during this interim period. In addition, the hedge fund would have to pay a fee for borrowing the shares. This tended to run about 40 basis points per annum. This fee usually tookthe form of an interest rate give-up on the proceeds of the short sale.The proceeds of a short sale would usually be held as cash collateral to protect the lender against borrower default. The cash would be invested in short-term instruments earning LIBOR or slightly less, and all but 40 basis points of this interest income would be rebated to the hedge fund. The hedge fund also would have to finance its long position in Shell. Presently, it was able to borrow at a rate of LIBOR + 75 basis points (on a fully collateralized basis). The hedge fund often took significantly leveraged positions, especially in situations where the risk was deemed minimal.8 There were other alternatives available to the hedge fund involving the use of derivatives.One set of strategies involved the use of exchange-traded put and call options. There were fairly active options markets for Royal Dutch in the United States and Shell in the United Kingdom. These were short-term options, however, with maturities of six months or less. The options were usually slightly cheaper to trade than the underlying shares, although with rollovers they would become more expensive. A potentially attractive feature of options-related strategies was that they permitted the hedge fund to easily tailor its risks in an asymmetric fashion.7 No Stamp Tax was levied on purchases of Shell ADRs, however. 8 On its hedge fund, High Street received a management fee of 1% p er annum on net assets summation 20% of profits earned in excess of LIBOR.A second derivatives-related strategy involved the use of a privately-negotiated total return swap. The simplest total return swaps involved two counterparties agreeing to exchange the total return on oneinstrument for the total return on another, plus or minus a fee, where the total return on an instrument is its price appreciation or loss during the holding period, plus interest or dividend income paid on the instrument during the holding period.Swaps could be customized in almost any way, for example, to allow the exchange of total returns on differing underlying amounts (notional amounts), or to include option-like features. Swaps also could be written for just about any maturity. The fee charged by the issuer of the swap typically depended on the ease of trading in the underlying instruments, the use of options and other features which might be embedded in the swap, and the credit-worthiness of the count erparty.

Women in Advertising

Women in publicize Irwin Allen Ginsberg an Ameri gouge poet once said, Whoever controls the media, the images, controls the culture. The media constantly expresses images of the ideal young-bearing(prenominal) body. All women have their own individual set of attributes and characteristics, however, the media incessantly tries to spread what they feel is the universal standard of what a woman should look like. One might argue, that the images put come forth by the media strongly affect our times and the way in which we perceive ourselves. Ginsbergs statement reminded me of a television ad produced by Carls Jr.This advertisement featured swimsuit model Kate Upton alimentation a burger in the backseat of an old school looking car. The advertisement was exceedingly innerly suggestive and showed a substantial amount of unsuitable sex appeal. Carls Jr. has acquired quite the reputation of producing these overtly sexual advertisements. Advertisements such as this are damaging todays generations mental and somatic state of being. In America, we are surrounded by a society that is primarily consumed by sex. With that being said, there are thousands of companies that produce risky advertisements to argue for the attention of look aters such as Carls Jr.With regards to the Kate Upton advertisement, the first thing that caught my eye upon viewing this ad is Upton wearing lace under garments scantily cover by a short polka dot dress. The revealing dress shows off her legs and hangs loosely off her shoulder ultimately exposing her bra and cleavage. The range of positions she lies in throughout the ad goes from innocent to offensive. Upton begins removing the South West patty Melt from its wrapping and starts to slowly consume the burger in her car. After taking the first taste, Upton starts her high-velocity strip tease.For the remaining thirty seconds, the camera moves up and down the parts of her body that are revealed by her dress. She unexpectedly begins swea ting all over her body, which makes a direct reference to sex. Uptons elusive hip movements add to the theme of sex, and serve to sidetrack the viewer from the actual burger itself. Uptons face looks incredibly mirthful as if she is ful alter with the burger she is advertising but upon close examination, you see that the burger has not been bitten into. Furthermore, this indicates that the intent of this Carls Jr. advertisement is to sell sex in access to the burger itself.The content in this advertisement implies that women cannot only be healthy but also sexually fantasized individuals by purchasing the southwest patty melt. In actuality, the other of that implication is often true. The obvious issue in this advertisement is that women rarely consume burgers the size of the atomic number 53 Upton is advertising. More importantly, eating a burger of that size is filled with calories and will not make those women who do resemble Upton physically. Women are incredibly sensitive t o their body image and easily perceive the body images media creates. Therefore, this advertisement may be perplexing to female viewers.In the journal Adolescent Evaluation of Gender Role and Sexual Imagery in Television Advertisements authors Donna Rouner and Michael Slater provide readers with discernment on a study they conducted the results portion states, Exposure to advertising with idealized images of physical attractiveness will at least temporarily lower female viewers self perceptions of physical worth and self being. (438) With that being said, adolescent females and adult women viewing this advertisement compare themselves to this excessively sexy yet exceedingly idealized model and begin to feel dissatisfied with their own physical appearance.Furthermore, the fact that the feeling of temporary self-loath takes place when viewing advertisements such as the one produced by Carls Jr. is chilling. Many adolescent females sit in front of their television screens and are b ombarded with hundreds of advertisements each day. When advertisements like this appear, the message getting out to them is, in order for you to be desirable or considered beautiful you must reveal certain parts of your body and act in an incredibly sexual manner. This corrupts the minds of young women. Thus, one might arrange that the targeted audience for this advertisement is men or male adolescents.According to Carol M. Sheperd, a professor at National University, amativeness of an advertisement causes viewers to remember the ad, and thus the product. (2) With that being said, though Uptons advertisement stirred up quite the controversy last year, it was successful in getting people to talk about the ad due its extreme sexual content. More importantly, it got people to go out and buy the Southwest Patty Melt. Nonetheless, Carls Jr. uses the pathos rhetorical appeal in this advertisement to evoke certain feelings out of viewers.Uptons sexually suggestive actions induce deliriou s responses from her predominately male audience, such as feelings of arousal and even desire. The use of pathos in this ad can go either way when it comes to its effectiveness. When viewing this advertisement a consumer could be paying attention to the high levels of sex appeal and disregard all other elements of the ad, like the actual burger Upton is advertising. Conversely, the appeal of sex can heighten the chance of an advertisement succeeding because it attracts the customers attention.In the journal Ethics in Advertising Sex Sells, but should it? Author Jessica Dawn Blair states The use of sexual appeals in the study seemed to detract from the processing and retention of message arguments. However, it did appear that the recipients would focus their attention more on the execution of ads using the type of appeal. (112) It is our human temperament to be curious about sex. Sex in addition to attractive women in advertisements often sells more than advertisements that do not use this appeal. What does that have to say about our society?The objectification of women in sexual advertisements does nothing but teach the youth of this generation that it is okay to overly sexy and in fact, it is encouraged. That is where the problem lies. These companies loss to desperately appeal to their viewers and majority of them do not care if they are sending out the wrong message as long as the product gets sold. Overall, our country has based a vast majority of advertisements on sex appeal to sell their products to the targeted audience of predominately males.For the most part, women have been subjected to the role of playacting pieces of meat to men. The objectification of women in advertising has extreme physiological consequences. It has the potential to make women think of themselves in the way in which they are portrayed and it causes them to engage in self-loath or depression. Advertisements such as Kate Uptons put out a negative viewpoint on women. It is cruc ial that we reshape our own perception of how we view ourselves. Change starts from within and we have to step up as women, take the lead and reach as high as feasibly possible.Works Cited Blair, Jessica Dawn. Ethics in Advertising Sex Sells, but Should it? Journal of Legal Ethical and Regulatory Issues 9. 1 (2006) 109-18. ABI/INFORM Complete. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. Carls Jr. Advertisement. New York Daily New. N. p. , 1 Mar. 2012. Web. 3 Mar. 2013 Rouner, Donna, Michael D. Slater, and Melanie Domenech-Rodriguez. Adolescent Evaluation Of Gender Role And Sexual Imagery In Television Advertisements. Journal Of Broadcasting Electronic Media 47. 3 (2003) 435-454. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 Mar. 2013.

Prejudice Intertextuality Essay

Why does he hate me so much? Is it me personally or just what I am? I have chosen to explore the idea of damage (judgments of a person based on speed up, gender, social class, and religion or chemical group associations. ) These themes argon evident in the short read Chinese Whispers directed by Neil Paddington and Stuart McKenzie, and in three written texts Noughts and Crosses by Malorie Blackman, Patches Hide No Scars by Haree Williams and On the paving material Bleeding by Evan huntsman. I apply to comfort myself with the belief that it was unless certain individuals and their peculiar notions that spoilt things for the rest of us.But how many individuals does it take before its not the individuals who are prejudiced but society itself? Noughts and Crosses is a powerfully written, fictional novel about two teenagers Callum (a nought) and Sephy (a cross), who are stuck in a racist dystopia separated only by skin colour. In Malorie Blackmans imaginative novel the character s are either a black dagger bitch or a pureness blanker bastard. Callum and Sephy are surrounded by a hierarchy, in which Noughts are considered second-class citizens and forbidden to be together.This disturbed society shows a racial prejudice in which interracial relationships are not allowed and there is favoritism towards the Crosses. Youre a Nought and Im a Cross and theres nowhere for us to be, nowhere for us to go where wed be left in peace Thats why I started crying. Thats why I couldnt stop. For all the things we mightve had and all the things were never going to have. This precedent shows the desperation of Sephy as she realizes that because of the prejudices of her society she will never be allowed to be with Callum.This movie relates back to events in the past in our world with issues such as discrimination and the mistreatment of people of a particular race or religion. An example of this is the class-system in America. For many years African-Americans, (like Nought s), were judged by their skin colour and treated as inferior beings. Author Malorie Blackman used specific examples from events in the Black accomplished Rights movement in the novel to add impact to her novel. An example used is the pioneering achievements of Robert Peary.Examples like these show that Noughts achievements are undervalued or ignored because they have white skin. I strongly believe it is important for children of today to be ameliorate on issues like these to remove all racisim. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states all adult male beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.This novel has made me believe in the importance of educating unseasoned people on events and issues, like genocide (eg the R wandan Genocide of 1994, only 18 years ago, where an estimated 7 Tutsi citizens were brutally murdered every minute for 100 eld ) and racism, in order to prevent the future from becoming a place like in Noughts and Crosses. How are we to learn from the mistakes of mankind if we are never educated on them? Dreams of living in a world with no more discrimination, no more prejudice, a fair police force, an equal justice system, comparability of education, equality of feel, a level playing field His name is Andy. This gang related short story On the Sidewalk Bleeding relates to the theme of prejudice by exploring the idea of lost identity through group association. At the exposition of this story, Andy (a member of the Royal gang) is stabbed by a rival gang (The Guardians) during a rumble. The plot because follows Andys thought path as he slowly bleeds to death. The knife had not been plunged in hatred of Andy. The knife detested only the purple jacket. The jacket was as stupid me aningless thing that was robbing him of his life. Andy wears a purple silk shirt, a symbol of his membership with the Royals.In his dying moments Andy comes to the acknowledgment that people dont see him as Andy, a human being, but a member of the Royals. At the climax of the short story Andy uses his give out strength to take off the jacket so that he can be Andy again. I want to Andy. Sadly, just after his death, Andys girlfriend Laura, finds Andys dead body and races off to find a police police officer. The police officer sees the purple Royal jacket next to Andys body, the officer then proceeds to say A Royal, huh. This shows that Andys efforts to remove himself from the gang have failed as the police officer judges him by the sight of the jacket.The police officer associates Andy as a part of the gang the Royals and doesnt see him as Andy, a sixteen year old boy. This short story by Evan Hunter has shown me how easily a persons identity can be lost through association and how people can perceive you as a member of a group not an individual because of an item of clothing. The world didnt know he was Andy. Chinese Whispers directed by Stuart McKenzie and Neil Paddington also relates to racial prejudice or judgments based on race before actually meeting a person.The short film Chinese Whispers is based around jackboot teenager Vincent Chans struggle to fit in. Vincent confused by the two diverse aspects of his finale. At the beginning of the film Vincent lives in fear of encounters with xenophobic bogans who disfavour and harass Vincent because he is Chinese. Vincent is ashamed to be Chinese. Vincent feels pressure to conform to the social norm of his age group. He turns his back on his fathers cultural penitys and instead joins Swans triad gang. Swan offers Vincent an illicit world of reward.Vincent sees this as an opportunity to stand up to xenophobic bogans but by joining the gang Vincent isolates himself from his family. Directors Neil Paddi ngton and Stuart McKenzie use dark, blue lightening in many of the scenes in Chinese Whispers to portray the sad, sinister world Vincent is being lured into. This is an effective optical feature because it stresses the consequences of Vincents decisions. An example of this is Vincents decision to conform to the Triad ways by taking illegal narcotics. Blue lighting is also used when Vincents father is sitting in a room lonely and longing for his distant son.This New Zealand film has made me more aware of the Chinese struggles in New Zealand. Chinese Whispers has given me deep insight into the Chinese point of view and the pressures they withstand. It has shown me the importance of being accepting of minorities and their differences. Stuart McKenzies and Neil Paddingtons film has also shown me how important it is to end xenophobia and prejudices in order to help people like Vincent Chan to make better decisions to keep a balance between their culture and fitting in to society. All men are dangerous brutes, intruders, vagrants. Haree Williams poem Patches Hide No Scars refers to young Maoris, turning their back on the way of their ancestors preferring the direction, discipline and orders of gang life. This New Zealand poem has captured the sad truth about the loss of the Maori culture as the lost youths turn to gang membership in a search to add meaning to their lives. Patches Hide No Scars relates to the idea of prejudice by describing the members of Maori gangs as one group, a whole, not a group of individuals. How do we prosecute those already punished? How do we fine those lost in the street of no direction? Throughout this short text author Haree Williams continually uses words like we and those/them, by doing this the gangs (those) are separated from the rest of society (we). By doing this Maori gangs distance from the rest of New Zealand is emphasized. This poem has raised questions to me why do these youths find security in the rules and orders of gangs but not the rules and orders of regular jobs or life in the normal society?And what is society doing to make the youngsters of the Maori race feel like they do not belong in society? By reading and viewing these texts, Noughts and Crosses, Chinese Whispers, Patches Hide No Scars and On the Sidewalk Bleeding, I have learnt of the struggles and pressures many people, fictional or not, suffer through due to the prejudices of modern society. And just like that, Id been assessed and judged. she-goat Fashoda didnt know the first thing about me but shed taken one look at my face and now she reckoned she knew my whole life story.

How Agriculture Can Be Used to Combat Climate Change in Developing Countries

GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ESSAY ON THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE IN COMBATING CLIMATE CHANGE IN exploitation COUNTRIES PRESENTED BY MWAURA PHILIP W DATE 25TH MARCH 2013 INTRODUCTION modality commute is now recognised as one of the most serious ch anyenges face up the piece its people, the environment and its economies. There is now clear scientific evidence that the high concentration of greenho phthisis gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere is causing world-wide win over. piece of music the world has experienced climatic changes before, the issue we now face involves human influence.It is a challenge that must and endure be dealt with because its impacts testament corroborate truly dire consequences on us and the generations to come. Greenhouse emmissions results from various sources in our societies. We have emmissions from industries and new(prenominal) human activities such as awkward practises. It is believed that most global warming we potty now observe is attributable to emissions of GHGs that result from human activities, in particular land use changes such as deforestation, and the burning of dodo fuels (coal, anoint and gas).All these activities be human influenced and thus several(prenominal)thing needfully to be done at the local, regional and globals levels. This essay highlights the role of farming area in tackling mode change and some of the easing and rendering measures. CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) define modality change as the term generally employ to describe human influences on the climate. The most significant threat is the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs), which contribute to the greenhouse effect.The greenhouse effect is a inhering apparatus essential to life on Earth, but human activity has altered the balance in the mechanism. Radiant energy emitted by the sun comes with the Earths atmosphere and warms its surface. This heat then radiates back into the atmosp here, but some of the suns heat is absorbed in the atmosphere by gases. With increasing concentration of GHGs, this effect is amplified, thus increasing the Earths temperature. There is now little doubt that climate change is happening. Most of the observe increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The observed widespread warming of the atmosphere and ocean, together with ice mass loss, support the conclusion that it is very likely that it is not due to known ingrained causes alone. These are some of the conclusions of the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007). Countries and individuals acknowledge the extent of the climate change problem and have agreed that it exists and needs to be addressed. floriculture can be defined as the spatial distribution of of grazes and animals for commercial and subsistence purposes all over t he earths surfaces. The nutrient and Agriculture validation (FAO, 2008) reports that tillage and land-use change, such as deforestation, account for about 13 and 17 per cent, respectively of total GHG emissions from human activities. Changes in land use such as deforestation and soil degradation are two devastating effects of unsustainable farming practices that emit large amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, contributing to global warming.Agriculture is a major contributor to emmissions of methane (CH4), Nitrous oxide (N2O) and Carbon( iv)oxide (C02). On a global scale, outlandish land use in the 1990s has been responsible for approximately 15% of all the GHGs emmissions. one(a) third of all carbon(iv)oxide comes from land-use changes such as shifting cultivation and intensification of husbandry whereas about two thirds of methane and most nitrous oxide emmisions originate from agriculture ( FAO, 2008). In auxiliary to the direct agriculture emissions mentioned above, the production of agrochemicals is another big source of greenhouse gas emissions.Especially the life cycle of fertiliser contributes significantly to the overall impact of change agriculture. The greatest source of GHG emissions from fertiliser production is the energy required, which emits carbon dioxide during its manufacture. Animal farming has a wide range of different impacts, ranging from the direct emissions of strain, manure management, use of agrochemicals and land use change to fossil fuel use. Climate change presents a dual challenge which involves how to reduce GHG emissions by dint of itigation, while lessening the uncomely impacts by modification. These challenges are evident in the agricultural sector where a changing climate lead have serious impacts on agriculture and victuals production. A rise in temperature will result into the following impacts( FAO 2008) * affect food supply dramatically by shifting crop growing zones * change the habitats of pests * inc rease risks of plant disease, insects and weeds * shrink the area of cropland due to floods and * raise sea levels. Potential direct effects on agricultural systems Seasonal changes in rainfall and temperature could impact agro-climatic conditions, altering growing seasons, planting and harvesting calendars, water avail expertness, pest, weed and disease populations, etc. * Evapotranspiration, photosynthesis and biomass production is altered. * Land suitability is altered. * Increased Carbon(iv) oxide levels wizard to a positive growth responsefor a number of staples under applyled conditions, alsoknown as the carbon impregnation effect. MITIGATION Agriculture offers options to reduce CHGs significantly.One of them is to reduce emmissions and thereby minimise the production of anthropogenic gases such as methane and carbon(iv)oxide whereas at the same time increasing food production to achieve food security specially in underdeveloped countries. relief is a response strategy to global climate change, and can be defined as measures that reduce the amount of emissions (abatement) or enhance the absorption force of greenhouse gases (sequestration). The total global potential for mitigation depends on galore(postnominal) factors, including emissions levels, availability of technology, enforcement, and incentives.In some(prenominal) situations, the efficiency of agriculture can be improved at a low cost. However, when low cost incentives are unavailable, constitution development is important. Mitigating GHG emissions from the agricultural sector will be an important element of climate change and agriculture policy at the national and international levels, and especially so in developing countries where 75 per cent of unforesightful people live in plain areas, most of whom depend on agriculture for their livelihoods directly or indirectly (World Bank, 2008).The Bali Action Plan (BAP), agreed to at COP 13 in December, 2007, identified four pillars to addre ss in reaching a new agreementmitigation, reconcileation, technology development and transfer, and financing and investment. The BAP calls for mitigation actions by all substantial countries, including quantified GHG emission reductions objectives, as well as mitigation actions in developing countries, that are supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity create in a measurable, reportable and verifiable manner (UNFCCC, 2007, p. 1).Agriculture could be an important component of a new climate change agreement, addressing two priorities of the BAP * extenuation Agriculture must run across a role in climate change mitigation by storing carbon in soils, reducing its GHG emissions (for example, transportation and livestock) and providing fossil fuel offsets from biomass and * Adaptation Agriculture must adapt to new climatic conditions (increased temperatures, drouth, increased climatic variations, among others) to ensure a comfortable food supply for the world and contribute to the maintenance of rural livelihoods and viable rural economies.Emission reductions in the agricultural sector can also be a meaningful way for many developing countries to contribute to the goal of the convention and participate in a future regime. The IPCC report estimates that 70 per cent of the mitigation potential in agriculture is in developing countries (Smith et al. , 2007). Sustainable agricultural practices that mitigate carbon can have important co-benefits, including increased soil fertility and productivity, enhanced resistance to drought and extreme weather, and better capacity to adapt to climate change.Sustainable agriculture can contribute significantly to increased food production, as well as turn over a significant impact on rural peoples welfare and livelihoods. Despite the significant potential and important sustainable development benefits, stripped-down progress has been made to capitalize on opportunities in this sector, mainly because of co mplexities, perceived or otherwise, around accounting, monitoring, verification, non-permanence and other issues. extenuation measures in the agricultural sector could contribute to meaning(a) GHG emission reductions up to 2030 with potential ranges from 5 to 20 per cent of total Carbon(iv) oxide emissions by 2030. The global technical mitigation potential of agriculture, excluding fossil fuel offsets from biomass, is estimated to be between 5. 5 and 6 Gigatonnes Carbon(iv) oxide emmissions per year by 2030 (Smith et al. , 2007). However, actually meeting this potential is a complex issue with both technical and frugal challenges.An estimated, 89 per cent of the total potential can be achieved by soil carbon sequestration through crop-land management, grazing land management, restoration of organic soils and troubled lands, bio-energy and water management (Smith et al. , 2007). Developed countries are discussing if agricultural soil carbon sequestration should be included in over all accounting of emissions and removals, and how to provide incentives in the area of agriculture for developing countries (UNFCCC, 2009).Intensity targets in the agricultural sector are also an issue, recognizing the fact that food production will need to increase to keep an eye on pace with rising populations and improvements in standards of living. Mitigation of Methane can provide an additional 9 per cent through improvements in sift management, and livestock and manure management. The be 2 per cent can be achieved from mitigation of Nitrous(ii)oxide emissions from soils mainly through crop management (Smith et al. , 2007).The wide diversity of agricultural practices around the world means there is a corresponding large array of possible mitigation opportunities. Agricultural Emissions Mitigation in Developing Countries Developing countries play a key role in agricultural GHG emissions mitigation. Without sufficient mitigation of GHG emissions in coming decades, including those from agriculture, there will likely be severe negative impacts on natural and human systems, including global food supply and food security, and developing countries are most at risk.The technical potential for GHG mitigation in developing countries agriculture by 2030 indicates significantopportunities for emissions reductions, together with anenhanced income earning potential for farmers, and associatedbenefits from lower natural resource degradation(Smith et al. , 2007). The agricultural sector is more vulnerable to climate change in developing countries than developed nations, which is a real concern because agriculture in developing countries is a major food provider.Agricultural practices must adapt to changing climatic conditions to ensure sufficient global food supply, while implementing management practices that have the greatest GHG emission reduction potential. Approximately 30 per cent of GHG emissions reduction potential from agriculture can be achieved in develop ed countries and 70 per cent in developing countries (Smith et al. , 2007).The mitigation potential of developing countries is about 75 to 80 per cent of the global potential for soil carbon under bio-energy and the restoration of devalued lands roughly 90 per cent for grazing land management and 98 per cent for sieve management, water management, set-aside management and agro-forestry. Approximately 89 per cent of the technical mitigation potential in the agricultural sector can be achieved through soil carbon sequestration and about two-thirds of this potential is in developing countries (Smith et al. , 2007).The largest mitigation potentials in agriculture are the restoration of cultivated organic soils and degraded lands, and rice management developing countries have the largest mitigation potentials. Mitigation is generally most cost effective in developing nations. The Food Agriculture presidential term report (2008) estimates that mitigation measures in developing countrie s through agriculture and forestry projects might cost about one-fourth to one-third of total mitigation in all sectors and regions, while generating one-half to two-thirds of all estimated GHG emission reductions.With growing agricultural GHG emissions and the largest and most cost-effective mitigation opportunities in the agricultural sector, developing countries are likely to play a prominent role in efforts to reduce agricultural GHG emissions. However, these countries also have the greatest barriers to overcome. At the national level, agriculture may be eclipsed by other priorities in many developing countries, such as poverty alleviation. A lack of capacity and political will to encourage mitigation are also contributing factors, where efforts in the agricultural sector are mainly focused on securing food for a growing population.Agricultural policy is viewed by many countries as a sovereign right that is link to food security, meaning that they are reluctant to open up this sector to any perceived control by an international body. Barriers are often country or region-related and understanding the situation in different countries is crucial to realizing the mitigation potential in the agricultural sector. Responses to climate change in these countries should involve measures that aim to reduce poverty and ensure food security (FAO, 2008). Developing countries will require technology ransfer,investment and financial support to implement relevant mitigation strategies in the agricultural sector. And these programs will need to be developed with full consideration of economic and sustainable development. such(prenominal) programs will need to include methods for verifying and validating GHG emission reductions from agricultural activities and for comparing the effectiveness of various mitigation options, as well as the associated environmental, economic and social benefits and impacts for the overall production cycle.The economic potential for mitigation in agriculture depends on the price of carbon and on policy, institutional,and transaction cost constraints. To assignment little progress hasbeen made in the implementation of mitigation measures at the global level. The potential for GHG mitigationwould be enhanced by an appropriate internationalclimate policy simulation providing policy and economicincentives. The emerging market for carbon emissions trading offersnew possibilities for agriculture to benefit from land usethat sequesters carbon or saves non Carbon(iv)oxide emissions.TheClean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the KyotoProtocol of the United Nations modeling Conventionon Climate Change (UNFCCC) is the most importantmechanism for payments to developing countries. Currently, the CDM limits eligible activities in agricultureto afforestation and reforestation, and reduction of non- Carbon(iv) oxide gases. Hence carbon sequestration activities, such asconservation tillage and restoration of degraded soils, arepresentl y considered ineligible.Financing options will need to include grant funding, but there is also a need to develop market mechanisms for sustainable development (MMSDs) that will allow farmers and rural communities to benefit from such initiatives and have an elaborate livelihood strategy. On-farm mitigation Improved management practices that reduce on-farm emissions include livestock and manure management, fertilizer management, and improved rice cultivation. Methods to reduce methane emissions from enteric fermentation include enhancing the efficiency of digestion with improved feeding practices and dietary additives.The efficacy of these methods depends on the quality of feed, livestock breed and age, and also whether the livestock is grazing or stall-fed. Developing countries are assumed to provide lower quality feed to livestock, which raises the emissions rate per animal to over that for developed country herds(Smith et al. , 2007). In manure management, cooling and using solid covers for storage tanks and lagoons, separating solids from slurry,and capturing the methane emitted are relevant techniques.Concerning developing countries, applying thissort of manure management may be difficult as animalexcretion happens in the field. Composting manure andaltering feeding practices may help reduce emissions to acertain extent. Improving the efficiency of fertilizer application or switching to organic production can mitigate the amount of nutrientload and Nitrous(ii)Oxide emissions. However, overall benefitswould need to be weighed against the potential impact onyield(Smith et al. , 2007). Sustainable Agriculture and Sustainable DevelopmentIn addition to reducing GHG emissions, agricultural mitigation measures have other social, economic and environmental benefits, peculiarly in regard to sustainable development, food security and making progress towards meeting the objectives of the Millennium Development Goals. The list of co-benefits linked to soil carbon s equestration include reduced soil erosion, improved soil fertility and structure, improved water quality, reduced levels of phosphorous and nitrogen pollution, buffering against drought and improved agricultural performance.Another mitigation strategy is considered to be the displacement of fossil fuels through the production of cleaner-burning bioenergy, such as ethanol, biogas, and methane, which can all be derived from agricultural production. Securing food for a growing population is a major global concern for developing countries and is a primary objective of agricultural policies. As such, mitigating climate change must not result in reduced food production (FAO, 2008). There are limits to GHG emissions reductions in the agricultural sector because of its importance in providing food for a growing global population.Improvements in efficiency may be a more reasonable approach than absolute reductions in developing countries GHG emissions from agriculture. Linking Mitigation and Adaptation Efforts Formally defined, adaptation to climate change is an adjustmentmade to a human, ecological or physical systemin response to a perceived vulnerability (Smith et al. , 2007). Agriculture is a sector that can be used to link mitigation and adaptation policies and actions. Many mutually reinforcing synergies exist between specific mitigation and adaptation solutions that can lead to more efficient allocation of climate response resources (FAO, 2008).Synergies may occur in cases where mitigation-driven actions in agriculture have positive adaptation consequences for example, carbon sequestration projects with positive drought preparedness aspects or when adaptation-driven actions have positive consequences for mitigation for example, residue return to fields to improve water dimension capacity will also sequester carbon (Smith et al. , 2007). A large proportion of the mitigation potential of agriculture arises from soil carbon sequestration, which has strong synergie s with sustainable agriculture.Linking adaptation and mitigation measures have both positive andnegative aspects, depending on national circumstances and agricultural systems. In addition, many farmers may be ill-equipped to adapt or may notunderstand the risks that climate change imposes. As a result,information sharing, such as that involving climateforecasting, will likely play an integral part in managingclimate change risk. A future climate regime should encourage countries to recognize and enhance positive impacts. Such measures include the following * Changes in tillage practices or modify livestock breeds are short-term measures. Longer-term measures, such as improved water management or the building of irrigation systems, can help in adapting to a changing climate. * Supporting policies that promote adaptation measures can help towards more effective implementation. * Modes of external assistance range from allocating information, advice, and training on adaptation measure s, to developing institutional capacities and policies. * Adaptation is not a stand-alone activity, and its integration into development projects, plans, policies, and strategies will be crucial. * Synergies between mitigation and adaptation should be maximized.Adaptation options and their supporting policies should be take by the appropriate level of government and implemented by institutions in direct contact with beneficiaries. For example, adaptation responses such as changing planting dates and tillage practices may require technicalservices provided by local extension agents, which are coordinatedby regional universities and research institutions. Agricultural research, including crop breeding to developdrought and heat tolerant crop varieties, will require bothpublic and private investment. Structural adaptation measures,such as creating water arkets and price incentives,will need to be implemented on a national level, most likelyin federation with economic cooperation unio ns. National governments, NGOs and the international community all have a role to play in creatingthe means and cooperation required for adaptation. Conclusion In general, agriculture impacts climate change significantly through livestock productionand the conversion of forest to land cover that haslow carbon sink or sequestration potential. Nitrous oxideemissions from crop production and methane from riceproduction are also significant.Mitigation options thatare the most technically and economically feasible includebetter rice, crop- and pastureland management. Although there are viable mitigation technologies in the agricultural sector, particularly in developing countries,some key constraints need to be overcome. First, rules of access which still do not credit developing countries forreducing emissions by avoiding deforestation or up soil carbon sequestration must be changed. Second,operational rules, with their high transaction costs for developingcountries and small farmers an d foresters in particular,must be streamlined.Climate change is also likely to have a significant negative impact on agricultural production, prompting outputreductions that will greatly affect parts of the developing world. Adaptation, including crop choice and timing, hasthe ability to partially compensate for production declinesin all regions. In addition, to date, only a limited number of studies have focused on theclimate change and carbon fertilization effects related tocrops of importance to the rural poor, such as root crops and millet. As a result of changes in production, food security will beaffected by climate change.Even the most aggressive mitigation efforts that can reasonably be anticipated cannot be expected to make asignificant difference in the short-term. This means thatadaptation is an imperative. Yet, in the face of this imperative,many developing countries are lacking in sufficientadaptive capacity(FAO, 2008). As a result, there is a large role for nationalgov ernments, NGOs, and international institutionsto play in building the necessary adaptive capacity and riskmanagement structures. Finally, climate change adaptation and mitigation have to proceed simultaneously.Since adaptation becomes costlierand less effective as the magnitude of climate changesincreases, mitigation of climate change remains essential. The greater the level of mitigation that can be achieved at affordable costs, the smaller the burden placed on adaptation. Policies focused on mitigating GHG emissions, if carefully designed, can help generate a new developmentstrategy one that encourages the creation of new value inpro-poor investments by increasing the profitability of environmentallysustainable practices.To achieve this goal,it will be necessary to streamline the measurement andenforcement of offsets, financial flows, and carbon creditsfor investors. It will also be important to enhance globalfinancial facilities and to reform their governance, namelyto modify r ules and to increase the funding flows for mitigationin developing countries. we know what to do,and it is therefore the right time to act before it is too late. It is so unfortunate to see people death from famine in the 21st century.Climate change may worsen this situation, therefore we should cooperate toghether to ensure thatthe global issue of climate change is handled in a manner that it deserves. Agriculture is just one of those options especially by the developing countries. REFERENCES 1) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (2008) Available online at http//cdm. unfccc. int/index. html DATE accessed 20th November 2012. 2) IPCC (2007) Summary for policy makers. Climate Change 2007 Synthesis Report. Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change. Available online at http//www. pcc. ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr_spm. pdf . Date accessed 19th November 2012. 3) FAO, 2008. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Challenges and Opportunities fo r Food Security. Paper presented at the High Level Conference on World Food Security 4) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2008). Financial mechanism for adaptation to and mitigation of climate change in the food and agriculture sectors. Paper presented at the High Level Conference on World Food Security 5) Smith, P. , Martino, D. , Cai, Z. , Gwary, D. , Janzen, H. , Kumar, P. , McCarl, B. Ogle, S. , OMara, F. , Rice, C. , Scholes, B. , & Sirotenko, O. (2007). Agriculture. In B. Metz, O. R. Davidson, P. R. Bosch, R. Dave & L. A. Meyer (Eds. ), Climate Change 2007 Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. 6) Smith, P. , D. Martino, Z. Cai, D. Gwary, H. Janzen, P. Kumar, B. McCarl, S. Ogle, F. OMara, C. Rice, B. Scholes, O. Sirotenko, M. Howden, T. McAllister, G. Pan, V. Romanenkov, U. Schneider, S. Towprayoon, M. Wattenbach and J.Smith, 2008. Greenho use gas mitigation in agriculture. pp. 789-813. 7) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). (2009). Copenhagen Accord. Conference of the Parties. Accessed at http//unfccc. int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/l07. pdf. 8) UNFCCC, 2008. Challenges and Opportunities for Mitigation in the Agricultural Sector. Technical Paper. FCCC/TP/2008/8. http//www. unfccc. int/resource/docs/2008/tp/08. pdf. Date accessed 20th November 2012. 9) World Bank. (2008). World Development Report 2008 Agriculture for Development. Washington, D. C. World Bank.

P. S. I Love You Analysis

The impression I chose was P. S. I Love You. To begin with, I chose this movie because I bind not seen it yet, but I have heard from my friends that it was a movie that I cannot miss extinct on. Reading the captions of the movies, it seemed very interesting and as soon as I was d iodine with the movie, I gladly found it interesting. P. S. I passion you had a unique plot compared to other love movies, after reading the precis I could automatically relate this movie with Chapter one on Myth of the right one. P. S.I Love You introduce its self with the daily lives of Holly Kennedy (the main character) and her husband Gerry Kennedy, a happily married couple going through their up and down st be ons of their marriage. Until Gerry dies of a brain Tumor, it takes Holly about a year to nab over, but the movie narrates her life end-to-end the year. Holly and Gerry were married for 10 years and she got married at the age of 19, so we can say she married an age where she believed that G erry was the right one and there would be no other like him.After the terminal of Gerry, Gerry understood that it would be hard for Holly to get over him so on his last few days before his death he writes several letters instructing her what to do as a last request. Holly received her low gear letter shortly after Gerrys funeral on her 30th birthday. Gerry along with Hollys friends are determined to to nonplus Holly impress on from the widow storey and be herself. Throughout the letters (which he had arranged for after his death) Gerry ends them by saying P. S. I Love you.The letter are supposed to encouraged Holly to move on by going out more and spending more time with her friends (Denise and Sharon), but her friends are afraid that the letters are keeping Holly buttoned up. In one of the final letters, Gerry arranged Holly, Denise, and Sharon, to his home town in Ireland. Once in Ireland, the girls are having fun at a local taphouse Gerry had recommended them to. At the pu b, Holly meets a singer who strongly reminds her of her dead husband Gerry and ends up liking him, but by coincidence he happened to be one of Gerrys best friends.Throughout the Ireland trip Holly finds out that Denise was having a baby and Sharon is getting married, so it caused Holly to emotionally relapse into herself and get depressed once again. Weeks later in New York Holly believing she was done with her letters until she received her final one from her mom when she was crying to her about how hard it was to go on without the love of her life. except in the last letter Gerry says his final good bye and tells Holly to move on and be herself and to think about what she was before she met Gerry (an Art Major).Eventually Holly finds out she has the talent to design women shoes. As Holly starts her own line of shoes we see that she gained a new confidence and it allows her to at long last accept herself for what she has and for her friends to finally experience happiness. So the movie ends by Holly taking her mother to Ireland and as the film ends it shows the audience with a scene where she finally abandoned the fear of falling in love again and has opened up her life to the journey that awaits her. The Character Im choosing in the movie to explain the problem that the character is facing is Holly.At the beginning of the Movie before Gerry died, Holly believed that he was the one, but then after his death, she goes on a journey that Gerry had left planned for her. Throughout the pilgrimage Holly meets other men and fights her fear of falling in love again, believing that only Gerry was the one. At the end of the movie Holly learns how to accept Gerrys death and meets a new man. If I were to choose a chapter from the book A Daring Promise, it would have to be the first chapter. As I was explaining throughout the whole essay, Holly is in the category of Myth of the Right One.She believes that theres only one Gerry out there even after his death, until fina lly after a year of going through Gerrys planned letters and other events, she finds a new man, that changed her image of the right one. So is there really only one right one for us? The book tells us that there isnt such thing as one love, its except a myth. Based on the text, I can state that One Love is really a myth. There is more than just One Love. To obtain One Love both partners must always be communicating and come to agreements.In my opinion many pot at first believe in only One Love at first because they have not had many relationships. We must come to our senses that zippo is perfect and we have to accept both the good and bad of a person. If you and your partner are willing to make sacrifices, then together you guys can make changes and have the same love for each other and being more united. If there is something I have learned from this assignment, it would be about marriage. I have never experienced a dead wife but I would assume that anyone who loves their partne r would go have to go through what Holly did.Throughout the movie I also learned that getting married and losing a husband or getting divorced can affect everything around your life. When Holly was with Gerry they would always contend about when to have kids and when to move out of the apartment, but when Holly was single she lost her main balance of her life and things were pretty hectic in the beginning, until she finally had the comport of her family and friends. Marriage is a great responsibility. I have also learned in class that you cannot change a person unless that person is willing to change.

Acknowledgement Examples Essay

* First and foremost, we would like to thank to our supervisor of this project, Miss Shyamala for the valuable guidance and advice. She shake up us greatly to work in this project. Her willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We similarly would like to thank her for showing us some example that colligate to the topic of our project. Besides, we would like to thank the authority of Multimedia University (MMU) for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project.Also, we would like to mob this opportunity to thank to the nerve of Affiliated Diploma Programme (CADP) of Multimedia University (MMU) for offering this subject, Computing Project. It gave us an opportunity to participate and learn about the operation of flights ticket reservation. In addition, we would also like to thank Malaysia Airline System (MAS) which provide us valuable information as the guidance of our project. Finally, an honorable mention goes to our famili es and friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project.Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this * Apart from the efforts of myself, the success of any project depends largely on the encouragement and guidelines of many others. I take this opportunity to express my gratitude to the people who have been instrumental in the successful completion of this project. I would like to show my greatest appreciation to Prof. James Geller. I cant say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help.I feel motivated and encouraged every time I run into his meeting. Without his encouragement and guidance this project would not have materialized. The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed and who atomic number 18 contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the project. I am grateful for their constant support and help. * I would like to gratefully acknowledge the enthusiastic supervision of Dr. Ali Rezazadeh during this work. I thank Prof.Garth Swanson for the technical discussions on the spectral reply model and Dr. S. E. Kanellopoulos for the help with optical measurements and relevant discussions. Postgraduates of the Physical Electronics Research Group are thanked for numerous stimulating discussions, help with experimental setup and general advice in particular I would like to acknowledge the help of Dr. Jim Luck for his support. Sean Wootton, Kevin Smith and Nick Nicola are thanked for their assistance with all types of technical problems at all times.I am grateful to all my friends from International Hall, University of London, for being the surrogate family during the many years I stayed there and for their continued moral support there after. From the staff, Donald Mann and Margaret Wilson are especially thanked for their care and attention. Finally, I am forever indebted to my parents and Anita for their understanding, endle ss patience and encouragement when it was most required. I am also grateful to Naela and Tanvir for their support.

Value Chain Analysis

value chain analysis Inbound Logistics Operations Marketing armed do Outbound Logistics tire , VCM wear out , CRM DMS Strategic Alliances Transporters, Convoy Drivers Association Dealer Network, Marketing Research Firms, fomite Financing regional Wareho commits, Dealer Workshops, Distributors, TASS 9 Value fibril Analysis Tata Motors Inbound Logistics Long enclosure contract with service providers transporters and agents Personnel at regional offices for over seeing the motionless transit of goods foil and monitoring by dint of deployment of IT all transactions through SAP DTL supplies for critical highschool value items. high-octane storage facilities easy storage and retrieval Operations Capital Equipment Manufacturing division tooling information capabilities of global standard. scholar Trainee Course ensuring stable source of skilled manpower. Kaizen & TPM team continuous drive to remediate efficiencies. Automated manufacturing processes. Distributed manufactur ing conference units at South Africa, Thailand, Bangladesh, Brazil etc Maintenance technical competence Capacity habit Mercedes Benz cars make use of Tata Motors paint shop facilities. Outbound LogisticsStockyards, all across the country Long end point contracts with transporters higher batch of business to transporters ensures competitive price. Regional sales Office and Vehicle Dispatch part linked through SAP. Efficient security system for prevention of any kind of pilferage Marketing and Sales Structured overture to understanding the requirements of individual customers QFDs conducted at regular intervals. Clear identification of ingathering requirements, leading to phylogenesis of innovative products Tata 207 DI, Tata Ace Pan India presence and global footprint.Independent teams for addressing the requirements of institutional customers Defense, stir Transport Units fortune to augment the scarce resources Fiat selling vehicles through Tata dealerships, in retu rn Tata has access to Fiats engineering science and unutilized capacity. Quick assessment of the changing market dynamics and consumer preferences Tata 407 LCV Large profits of dealers use of technology DMS. Service Easy availability of spare parts Efficient collection of data from field and chat to the respective plants Pan India presence, as well as global presence. Large interlock of workshops Dealer workshops and TASS reading facilities for dealer end and TASS personnel Procurement E procurement initiative international Sourcing Team China, a key destination for sourcing essential items like tires, power steering units etc. , brand procured from Belarus Long barrier relationships with a stable and loyal pool of suppliers Technology driven procurement SAP and VCM Strategic subsidiaries & JVs TACO group of companies, Tata Cummins Centralized Strategic Sourcing for key components FIPs, Steel etc concourse resources Tata Steel and Tata supranational Localized su pplier base at mfg. locations low inventory levelsValue Chain Analysisvalue chain analysis Inbound Logistics Operations Marketing Service Outbound Logistics SAP , VCM SAP , CRM DMS Strategic Alliances Transporters, Convoy Drivers Association Dealer Network, Marketing Research Firms, Vehicle Financing Regional Warehouses, Dealer Workshops, Distributors, TASS 9 Value Chain Analysis Tata Motors Inbound Logistics Long term contract with service providers transporters and agents Personnel at regional offices for over seeing the smooth transit of goods Transparency and monitoring through deployment of IT all transactions through SAP DTL supplies for critical high value items.Efficient storage facilities easy storage and retrieval Operations Capital Equipment Manufacturing division tooling development capabilities of global standard. Apprentice Trainee Course ensuring stable source of skilled manpower. Kaizen & TPM team continuous drive to improve efficiencies. Automated manufactur ing processes. Distributed manufacturing Assembly units at South Africa, Thailand, Bangladesh, Brazil etc Maintenance technical competence Capacity Utilization Mercedes Benz cars make use of Tata Motors paint shop facilities. Outbound LogisticsStockyards, all across the country Long term contracts with transporters higher volume of business to transporters ensures competitive price. Regional Sales Office and Vehicle Dispatch Section linked through SAP. Efficient security system for prevention of any kind of pilferage Marketing and Sales Structured approach to understanding the requirements of individual customers QFDs conducted at regular intervals. Clear identification of product requirements, leading to development of innovative products Tata 207 DI, Tata Ace Pan India presence and global footprint.Independent teams for addressing the requirements of institutional customers Defense, State Transport Units Helping to augment the scarce resources Fiat selling vehicles through Tata dealerships, in return Tata has access to Fiats technology and unutilized capacity. Quick assessment of the changing market dynamics and consumer preferences Tata 407 LCV Large network of dealers use of technology DMS. Service Easy availability of spare parts Efficient collection of data from field and communication to the respective plants Pan India presence, as well as global presence. Large network of workshops Dealer workshops and TASSTraining facilities for dealer end and TASS personnel Procurement E procurement initiative Global Sourcing Team China, a key destination for sourcing essential items like tires, power steering units etc. , Steel procured from Belarus Long term relationships with a stable and loyal pool of suppliers Technology driven procurement SAP and VCM Strategic subsidiaries & JVs TACO group of companies, Tata Cummins Centralized Strategic Sourcing for key components FIPs, Steel etc Group resources Tata Steel and Tata International Localized sup plier base at mfg. locations low inventory levels

Personal factors that can influence children’s development Essay

Family is a huge part of a tikes development. Older siblings could rigorous that the child has a good role model to look up to. If the child lives in an extended family could mean that the child has more strong relationships with different members of the family which could give them a strong sense of security. The child may live with one single foster, which could mean the child craves attention from other mess be behave their p arent is at work or away for other reasons.A child could get easily confused if their parent remarries which could add step-siblings to the family. Another reason that could affect a childs development is their housing. Lack of personalised space can get tension between siblings or not having access to a tend or public play area can lead to the lack of physical skills and socializing skills. A child is worryly to get jealous over a new baby. Sibling rivalry is popular it could make a child feel left out. If they have to share a bedroom it could caus e tension between them. Sharing a bedroom with a younger sibling may cause the older sibling not to get enough sleep.Read moreExplain how children and young peoples development is influenced by a range of external factors essayExternal factors that influence a childs development. Socioeconomics- Wealth and poverty of a childs family can have a huge effect on a childs development it can determine opportunities like education. Nutrition- A childs brain development relies of regular nourishment, eating healthy and keeping diligent reduces the risk of illness. Family and Society- Families can steer a childs development in three shipway nurturing, stimulation and behavioural modelling. Education- A childs first years are important for a childs developing brain. A child needs interaction with adults and other children. Political Environment- Children who are brought into the world around war and threat on war can develop psychosocial stress. They could be modify by this for the rest of their lives.

Evolution as Fact & Theory` by Stephen Jay Gould Essay

This article talk of the towns about maturation as it relates to science and religion, philosophically. Gould talks about the fact that the arguments for creationism and evolution have not changed much, the science and religion are the same. He links the recent debates opposing the possibility of evolution as the result of right backstage politics that has taken hold of todays society and political world. Gould states that todays politicians talk about scientific creationism as if it is based in science.The creationists also jump on the term possible action when used by evolutionist as if theory implies proof of guesswork, only theory. Gould explains the term theory as a string of ideas and facts. He provides examples of widely accepted theories in an attempt to debunk the creationist objection to theory. He provides similar explanation of the term fact. Dar arrive ats theory and detailed explanation are reviewed in the article, as this is central to todays debate regarding crea tionism versus evolution. Goulds view is that creationists attempt to argue against evolution is based entirely on arguing rhetoric.They use an argument style of Poppers, which focuses on falsifying the evolutionist claims. Gould asserts that what the creationist drop is the ability to assure proves their own principles of creationism. Gould concludes that what keeps creationists firm in their belief system is dogma, not science. Thomas S. Kuhn The social structure of Scientific Revolutions Like Gould, Kuhn takes on the debate between science and dogma. Kuhn is a scientist, clearly a believer in the scientific process though he takes pains in his article to examine the issues raised by proponents of dogma.Kuhn also believes that the opposition to evolution is based on poking holes in theories and finding loopholes, or else than convincing one with actual science. This article is largely focused on disproving dogma and supporting the scientific method. Kuhns overall belief as e xpressed in the article is that scientific theories always win arguments with dogma. This work includes a discussion on experience and perception and the relationship to presupposition. Kuhn reviews the process of scientific theory and discovery, and the philosophy behind the process.

The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation

This is possible because a noncompetitive market favours the company to the detriment of the consumer. The traitsof amonopoly atomic number 18 high harm levels, supply constraints, or inordinate barriers to entry.This type of market would be comprised of peerless supplying firm and consumers would have no choice nevertheless to purchase solely from this firm.2. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation, the larger are that sylvans exportations. This is incorrect as in monopolistic trade there is only one firm and the monopoly firms demand curve is identical to the market demand curve, and the monopoly firm deficiency not consider what its competitors are pricing at. The moment another firm enters the trade it is no longer a monopoly.3. Two countries engaged in trade in products with no scale economies, produced infra conditions of perfect competition, are likely to be engaged in intra-industry trade.This is possible as any country which can find comparable goods at a better price pull up stakes take to substance of that product. However, generally these are influenced by technological and or human factors. International trade generally takes into bet cost and utility, in determining trade.4. History and accident determine the details of trade involving scale economies.This is delusive as what determines scale of economies is cost advantages that a business obtains due to expansion. Economies of scale are utilized by any firm expanding its scale of operation. These are not by accident and are planned. However, historical reasons may play a part in trade between two countries and the scale of economies, but up to now this has decreased with modern trade practices.5. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when the following exists prominent differences between relative country factor availabilities.This is true as trade takes place to fulfill one reason demand. When there is a large difference between two countries on availability and/or price, it naturally spurs demand, and depending on the factors available, Intra industry trade will develop. The rising share of intra-industry trade may produce due to increase of technological transactions and also due to expansion of the intra-firm network through contradictory direct investment.6. A tariff always drives a wedge between foreign and domestic prices, peak the domestic price but by less than the tariff rate.True, because when a country implements a tariff, it will create an increase in the price of the goods on the domestic market, and a decrease in price in the rest of the world.7. If we add together the gains and losses from a tariff, we find the net effect on national eudaemonia can be separated into three parts.This is true as the aggregate welfare effect for the country is found by summing the gains and losses to consumers, producers and the government. The net effect consists of three components (1) positive term of tr ade effect (2) a negative production distortion and(3) a negative consumption distortion.8. An export subsidy causes the same losses as a tariff.The welfare effects of a tariff and an export subsidy are quite different in a competitive market. The subsidy raises the internal prices at home, while lowering the price abroad.The difference between a tariff and an export subsidy is that power improves the terms of trade while the latter worsens them. The extent of loss or gain will spay on factors employed.